diff --git a/easy-fs-fuse/src/main.rs b/easy-fs-fuse/src/main.rs
index cf07b618..cac1b797 100644
--- a/easy-fs-fuse/src/main.rs
+++ b/easy-fs-fuse/src/main.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-use easy_fs::{
-    BlockDevice,
-    EasyFileSystem,
-};
-use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions, read_dir};
-use std::io::{Read, Write, Seek, SeekFrom};
-use std::sync::Mutex;
+use clap::{App, Arg};
+use easy_fs::{BlockDevice, EasyFileSystem};
+use std::fs::{read_dir, File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use clap::{Arg, App};
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 
 const BLOCK_SZ: usize = 512;
 
@@ -34,17 +31,19 @@ fn main() {
 
 fn easy_fs_pack() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     let matches = App::new("EasyFileSystem packer")
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("source")
-            .short("s")
-            .long("source")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("Executable source dir(with backslash)")
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("source")
+                .short("s")
+                .long("source")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("Executable source dir(with backslash)"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("target")
-            .short("t")
-            .long("target")
-            .takes_value(true)
-            .help("Executable target dir(with backslash)")    
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("target")
+                .short("t")
+                .long("target")
+                .takes_value(true)
+                .help("Executable target dir(with backslash)"),
         )
         .get_matches();
     let src_path = matches.value_of("source").unwrap();
@@ -60,11 +59,7 @@ fn easy_fs_pack() -> std::io::Result<()> {
         f
     })));
     // 16MiB, at most 4095 files
-    let efs = EasyFileSystem::create(
-        block_file.clone(),
-        16 * 2048,
-        1,
-    );
+    let efs = EasyFileSystem::create(block_file, 16 * 2048, 1);
     let root_inode = Arc::new(EasyFileSystem::root_inode(&efs));
     let apps: Vec<_> = read_dir(src_path)
         .unwrap()
@@ -103,11 +98,7 @@ fn efs_test() -> std::io::Result<()> {
         f.set_len(8192 * 512).unwrap();
         f
     })));
-    EasyFileSystem::create(
-        block_file.clone(),
-        4096,
-        1,
-    );
+    EasyFileSystem::create(block_file.clone(), 4096, 1);
     let efs = EasyFileSystem::open(block_file.clone());
     let root_inode = EasyFileSystem::root_inode(&efs);
     root_inode.create("filea");
@@ -121,17 +112,11 @@ fn efs_test() -> std::io::Result<()> {
     //let mut buffer = [0u8; 512];
     let mut buffer = [0u8; 233];
     let len = filea.read_at(0, &mut buffer);
-    assert_eq!(
-        greet_str,
-        core::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..len]).unwrap(),
-    );
+    assert_eq!(greet_str, core::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..len]).unwrap(),);
 
     let mut random_str_test = |len: usize| {
         filea.clear();
-        assert_eq!(
-            filea.read_at(0, &mut buffer),
-            0,
-        );
+        assert_eq!(filea.read_at(0, &mut buffer), 0,);
         let mut str = String::new();
         use rand;
         // random digit
@@ -148,9 +133,7 @@ fn efs_test() -> std::io::Result<()> {
                 break;
             }
             offset += len;
-            read_str.push_str(
-                core::str::from_utf8(&read_buffer[..len]).unwrap()
-            );
+            read_str.push_str(core::str::from_utf8(&read_buffer[..len]).unwrap());
         }
         assert_eq!(str, read_str);
     };
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/bitmap.rs b/easy-fs/src/bitmap.rs
index 4feaa9cf..2cea613e 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/bitmap.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/bitmap.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
+use super::{get_block_cache, BlockDevice, BLOCK_SZ};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use super::{
-    BlockDevice,
-    BLOCK_SZ,
-    get_block_cache,
-};
 
 type BitmapBlock = [u64; 64];
 
@@ -17,7 +13,7 @@ pub struct Bitmap {
 /// Return (block_pos, bits64_pos, inner_pos)
 fn decomposition(mut bit: usize) -> (usize, usize, usize) {
     let block_pos = bit / BLOCK_BITS;
-    bit = bit % BLOCK_BITS;
+    bit %= BLOCK_BITS;
     (block_pos, bit / 64, bit % 64)
 }
 
@@ -34,14 +30,15 @@ impl Bitmap {
             let pos = get_block_cache(
                 block_id + self.start_block_id as usize,
                 Arc::clone(block_device),
-            ).lock().modify(0, |bitmap_block: &mut BitmapBlock| {
+            )
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |bitmap_block: &mut BitmapBlock| {
                 if let Some((bits64_pos, inner_pos)) = bitmap_block
                     .iter()
                     .enumerate()
                     .find(|(_, bits64)| **bits64 != u64::MAX)
-                    .map(|(bits64_pos, bits64)| {
-                        (bits64_pos, bits64.trailing_ones() as usize)
-                    }) {
+                    .map(|(bits64_pos, bits64)| (bits64_pos, bits64.trailing_ones() as usize))
+                {
                     // modify cache
                     bitmap_block[bits64_pos] |= 1u64 << inner_pos;
                     Some(block_id * BLOCK_BITS + bits64_pos * 64 + inner_pos as usize)
@@ -58,16 +55,15 @@ impl Bitmap {
 
     pub fn dealloc(&self, block_device: &Arc<dyn BlockDevice>, bit: usize) {
         let (block_pos, bits64_pos, inner_pos) = decomposition(bit);
-        get_block_cache(
-            block_pos + self.start_block_id,
-            Arc::clone(block_device)
-        ).lock().modify(0, |bitmap_block: &mut BitmapBlock| {
-            assert!(bitmap_block[bits64_pos] & (1u64 << inner_pos) > 0);
-            bitmap_block[bits64_pos] -= 1u64 << inner_pos;
-        });
+        get_block_cache(block_pos + self.start_block_id, Arc::clone(block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |bitmap_block: &mut BitmapBlock| {
+                assert!(bitmap_block[bits64_pos] & (1u64 << inner_pos) > 0);
+                bitmap_block[bits64_pos] -= 1u64 << inner_pos;
+            });
     }
 
     pub fn maximum(&self) -> usize {
         self.blocks * BLOCK_BITS
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/block_cache.rs b/easy-fs/src/block_cache.rs
index ba945b1d..4b90294a 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/block_cache.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/block_cache.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-use super::{
-    BLOCK_SZ,
-    BlockDevice,
-};
+use super::{BlockDevice, BLOCK_SZ};
 use alloc::collections::VecDeque;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use lazy_static::*;
@@ -16,10 +13,7 @@ pub struct BlockCache {
 
 impl BlockCache {
     /// Load a new BlockCache from disk.
-    pub fn new(
-        block_id: usize,
-        block_device: Arc<dyn BlockDevice>
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(block_id: usize, block_device: Arc<dyn BlockDevice>) -> Self {
         let mut cache = [0u8; BLOCK_SZ];
         block_device.read_block(block_id, &mut cache);
         Self {
@@ -34,14 +28,20 @@ impl BlockCache {
         &self.cache[offset] as *const _ as usize
     }
 
-    pub fn get_ref<T>(&self, offset: usize) -> &T where T: Sized {
+    pub fn get_ref<T>(&self, offset: usize) -> &T
+    where
+        T: Sized,
+    {
         let type_size = core::mem::size_of::<T>();
         assert!(offset + type_size <= BLOCK_SZ);
         let addr = self.addr_of_offset(offset);
-        unsafe { &*(addr as *const T) } 
+        unsafe { &*(addr as *const T) }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_mut<T>(&mut self, offset: usize) -> &mut T where T: Sized {
+    pub fn get_mut<T>(&mut self, offset: usize) -> &mut T
+    where
+        T: Sized,
+    {
         let type_size = core::mem::size_of::<T>();
         assert!(offset + type_size <= BLOCK_SZ);
         self.modified = true;
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl BlockCache {
         f(self.get_ref(offset))
     }
 
-    pub fn modify<T, V>(&mut self, offset:usize, f: impl FnOnce(&mut T) -> V) -> V {
+    pub fn modify<T, V>(&mut self, offset: usize, f: impl FnOnce(&mut T) -> V) -> V {
         f(self.get_mut(offset))
     }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ pub struct BlockCacheManager {
 
 impl BlockCacheManager {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { queue: VecDeque::new() }
+        Self {
+            queue: VecDeque::new(),
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn get_block_cache(
@@ -87,27 +89,28 @@ impl BlockCacheManager {
         block_id: usize,
         block_device: Arc<dyn BlockDevice>,
     ) -> Arc<Mutex<BlockCache>> {
-        if let Some(pair) = self.queue
-            .iter()
-            .find(|pair| pair.0 == block_id) {
-                Arc::clone(&pair.1)
+        if let Some(pair) = self.queue.iter().find(|pair| pair.0 == block_id) {
+            Arc::clone(&pair.1)
         } else {
             // substitute
             if self.queue.len() == BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE {
                 // from front to tail
-                if let Some((idx, _)) = self.queue
+                if let Some((idx, _)) = self
+                    .queue
                     .iter()
                     .enumerate()
-                    .find(|(_, pair)| Arc::strong_count(&pair.1) == 1) {
+                    .find(|(_, pair)| Arc::strong_count(&pair.1) == 1)
+                {
                     self.queue.drain(idx..=idx);
                 } else {
                     panic!("Run out of BlockCache!");
                 }
             }
             // load block into mem and push back
-            let block_cache = Arc::new(Mutex::new(
-                BlockCache::new(block_id, Arc::clone(&block_device))
-            ));
+            let block_cache = Arc::new(Mutex::new(BlockCache::new(
+                block_id,
+                Arc::clone(&block_device),
+            )));
             self.queue.push_back((block_id, Arc::clone(&block_cache)));
             block_cache
         }
@@ -115,16 +118,17 @@ impl BlockCacheManager {
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref BLOCK_CACHE_MANAGER: Mutex<BlockCacheManager> = Mutex::new(
-        BlockCacheManager::new()
-    );
+    pub static ref BLOCK_CACHE_MANAGER: Mutex<BlockCacheManager> =
+        Mutex::new(BlockCacheManager::new());
 }
 
 pub fn get_block_cache(
     block_id: usize,
-    block_device: Arc<dyn BlockDevice>
+    block_device: Arc<dyn BlockDevice>,
 ) -> Arc<Mutex<BlockCache>> {
-    BLOCK_CACHE_MANAGER.lock().get_block_cache(block_id, block_device)
+    BLOCK_CACHE_MANAGER
+        .lock()
+        .get_block_cache(block_id, block_device)
 }
 
 pub fn block_cache_sync_all() {
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/block_dev.rs b/easy-fs/src/block_dev.rs
index 7a282751..8a01eddb 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/block_dev.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/block_dev.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use core::any::Any;
 
-pub trait BlockDevice : Send + Sync + Any {
+pub trait BlockDevice: Send + Sync + Any {
     fn read_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &mut [u8]);
     fn write_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &[u8]);
 }
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/efs.rs b/easy-fs/src/efs.rs
index 8b7adf26..82e95ae0 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/efs.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/efs.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
-use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use spin::Mutex;
 use super::{
-    BlockDevice,
-    Bitmap,
+    block_cache_sync_all, get_block_cache, Bitmap, BlockDevice, DiskInode, DiskInodeType, Inode,
     SuperBlock,
-    DiskInode,
-    DiskInodeType,
-    Inode,
-    get_block_cache,
-    block_cache_sync_all,
 };
 use crate::BLOCK_SZ;
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use spin::Mutex;
 
 pub struct EasyFileSystem {
     pub block_device: Arc<dyn BlockDevice>,
@@ -50,39 +44,36 @@ impl EasyFileSystem {
         };
         // clear all blocks
         for i in 0..total_blocks {
-            get_block_cache(
-                i as usize,
-                Arc::clone(&block_device)
-            )
-            .lock()
-            .modify(0, |data_block: &mut DataBlock| {
-                for byte in data_block.iter_mut() { *byte = 0; }
-            });
+            get_block_cache(i as usize, Arc::clone(&block_device))
+                .lock()
+                .modify(0, |data_block: &mut DataBlock| {
+                    for byte in data_block.iter_mut() {
+                        *byte = 0;
+                    }
+                });
         }
         // initialize SuperBlock
-        get_block_cache(0, Arc::clone(&block_device))
-        .lock()
-        .modify(0, |super_block: &mut SuperBlock| {
-            super_block.initialize(
-                total_blocks,
-                inode_bitmap_blocks,
-                inode_area_blocks,
-                data_bitmap_blocks,
-                data_area_blocks,
-            );
-        });
+        get_block_cache(0, Arc::clone(&block_device)).lock().modify(
+            0,
+            |super_block: &mut SuperBlock| {
+                super_block.initialize(
+                    total_blocks,
+                    inode_bitmap_blocks,
+                    inode_area_blocks,
+                    data_bitmap_blocks,
+                    data_area_blocks,
+                );
+            },
+        );
         // write back immediately
         // create a inode for root node "/"
         assert_eq!(efs.alloc_inode(), 0);
         let (root_inode_block_id, root_inode_offset) = efs.get_disk_inode_pos(0);
-        get_block_cache(
-            root_inode_block_id as usize,
-            Arc::clone(&block_device)
-        )
-        .lock()
-        .modify(root_inode_offset, |disk_inode: &mut DiskInode| {
-            disk_inode.initialize(DiskInodeType::Directory);
-        });
+        get_block_cache(root_inode_block_id as usize, Arc::clone(&block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(root_inode_offset, |disk_inode: &mut DiskInode| {
+                disk_inode.initialize(DiskInodeType::Directory);
+            });
         block_cache_sync_all();
         Arc::new(Mutex::new(efs))
     }
@@ -97,10 +88,7 @@ impl EasyFileSystem {
                     super_block.inode_bitmap_blocks + super_block.inode_area_blocks;
                 let efs = Self {
                     block_device,
-                    inode_bitmap: Bitmap::new(
-                        1,
-                        super_block.inode_bitmap_blocks as usize
-                    ),
+                    inode_bitmap: Bitmap::new(1, super_block.inode_bitmap_blocks as usize),
                     data_bitmap: Bitmap::new(
                         (1 + inode_total_blocks) as usize,
                         super_block.data_bitmap_blocks as usize,
@@ -117,19 +105,17 @@ impl EasyFileSystem {
         // acquire efs lock temporarily
         let (block_id, block_offset) = efs.lock().get_disk_inode_pos(0);
         // release efs lock
-        Inode::new(
-            block_id,
-            block_offset,
-            Arc::clone(efs),
-            block_device,
-        )
+        Inode::new(block_id, block_offset, Arc::clone(efs), block_device)
     }
 
     pub fn get_disk_inode_pos(&self, inode_id: u32) -> (u32, usize) {
         let inode_size = core::mem::size_of::<DiskInode>();
         let inodes_per_block = (BLOCK_SZ / inode_size) as u32;
         let block_id = self.inode_area_start_block + inode_id / inodes_per_block;
-        (block_id, (inode_id % inodes_per_block) as usize * inode_size)
+        (
+            block_id,
+            (inode_id % inodes_per_block) as usize * inode_size,
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn get_data_block_id(&self, data_block_id: u32) -> u32 {
@@ -146,18 +132,16 @@ impl EasyFileSystem {
     }
 
     pub fn dealloc_data(&mut self, block_id: u32) {
-        get_block_cache(
-            block_id as usize,
-            Arc::clone(&self.block_device)
-        )
-        .lock()
-        .modify(0, |data_block: &mut DataBlock| {
-            data_block.iter_mut().for_each(|p| { *p = 0; })
-        });
+        get_block_cache(block_id as usize, Arc::clone(&self.block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |data_block: &mut DataBlock| {
+                data_block.iter_mut().for_each(|p| {
+                    *p = 0;
+                })
+            });
         self.data_bitmap.dealloc(
             &self.block_device,
-            (block_id - self.data_area_start_block) as usize
+            (block_id - self.data_area_start_block) as usize,
         )
     }
-
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/layout.rs b/easy-fs/src/layout.rs
index c6f7b315..618484cf 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/layout.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/layout.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
-use core::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
-use super::{
-    BLOCK_SZ,
-    BlockDevice,
-    get_block_cache,
-};
+use super::{get_block_cache, BlockDevice, BLOCK_SZ};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use core::fmt::{Debug, Formatter, Result};
 
 const EFS_MAGIC: u32 = 0x3b800001;
 const INODE_DIRECT_COUNT: usize = 28;
@@ -115,7 +111,8 @@ impl DiskInode {
         if data_blocks > INDIRECT1_BOUND {
             total += 1;
             // sub indirect1
-            total += (data_blocks - INDIRECT1_BOUND + INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT - 1) / INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT;
+            total +=
+                (data_blocks - INDIRECT1_BOUND + INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT - 1) / INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT;
         }
         total as u32
     }
@@ -135,22 +132,16 @@ impl DiskInode {
                 })
         } else {
             let last = inner_id - INDIRECT1_BOUND;
-            let indirect1 = get_block_cache(
-                self.indirect2 as usize,
-                Arc::clone(block_device)
-            )
-            .lock()
-            .read(0, |indirect2: &IndirectBlock| {
-                indirect2[last / INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT]
-            });
-            get_block_cache(
-                indirect1 as usize,
-                Arc::clone(block_device)
-            )
-            .lock()
-            .read(0, |indirect1: &IndirectBlock| {
-                indirect1[last % INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT]
-            })
+            let indirect1 = get_block_cache(self.indirect2 as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+                .lock()
+                .read(0, |indirect2: &IndirectBlock| {
+                    indirect2[last / INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT]
+                });
+            get_block_cache(indirect1 as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+                .lock()
+                .read(0, |indirect1: &IndirectBlock| {
+                    indirect1[last % INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT]
+                })
         }
     }
     pub fn increase_size(
@@ -169,7 +160,7 @@ impl DiskInode {
             current_blocks += 1;
         }
         // alloc indirect1
-        if total_blocks > INODE_DIRECT_COUNT as u32{
+        if total_blocks > INODE_DIRECT_COUNT as u32 {
             if current_blocks == INODE_DIRECT_COUNT as u32 {
                 self.indirect1 = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
             }
@@ -179,17 +170,14 @@ impl DiskInode {
             return;
         }
         // fill indirect1
-        get_block_cache(
-            self.indirect1 as usize,
-            Arc::clone(block_device)
-        )
-        .lock()
-        .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-            while current_blocks < total_blocks.min(INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT as u32) {
-                indirect1[current_blocks as usize] = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
-                current_blocks += 1;
-            }
-        });
+        get_block_cache(self.indirect1 as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                while current_blocks < total_blocks.min(INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT as u32) {
+                    indirect1[current_blocks as usize] = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
+                    current_blocks += 1;
+                }
+            });
         // alloc indirect2
         if total_blocks > INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT as u32 {
             if current_blocks == INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT as u32 {
@@ -206,33 +194,27 @@ impl DiskInode {
         let a1 = total_blocks as usize / INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT;
         let b1 = total_blocks as usize % INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT;
         // alloc low-level indirect1
-        get_block_cache(
-            self.indirect2 as usize,
-            Arc::clone(block_device)
-        )
-        .lock()
-        .modify(0, |indirect2: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-            while (a0 < a1) || (a0 == a1 && b0 < b1) {
-                if b0 == 0 {
-                    indirect2[a0] = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
-                }
-                // fill current
-                get_block_cache(
-                    indirect2[a0] as usize,
-                    Arc::clone(block_device)
-                )
-                .lock()
-                .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-                    indirect1[b0] = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
-                });
-                // move to next
-                b0 += 1;
-                if b0 == INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT {
-                    b0 = 0;
-                    a0 += 1;
+        get_block_cache(self.indirect2 as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |indirect2: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                while (a0 < a1) || (a0 == a1 && b0 < b1) {
+                    if b0 == 0 {
+                        indirect2[a0] = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
+                    }
+                    // fill current
+                    get_block_cache(indirect2[a0] as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+                        .lock()
+                        .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                            indirect1[b0] = new_blocks.next().unwrap();
+                        });
+                    // move to next
+                    b0 += 1;
+                    if b0 == INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT {
+                        b0 = 0;
+                        a0 += 1;
+                    }
                 }
-            }
-        });
+            });
     }
 
     /// Clear size to zero and return blocks that should be deallocated.
@@ -258,18 +240,15 @@ impl DiskInode {
             return v;
         }
         // indirect1
-        get_block_cache(
-            self.indirect1 as usize,
-            Arc::clone(block_device),
-        )
-        .lock()
-        .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-            while current_blocks < data_blocks.min(INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT) {
-                v.push(indirect1[current_blocks]);
-                //indirect1[current_blocks] = 0;
-                current_blocks += 1;
-            }
-        });
+        get_block_cache(self.indirect1 as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                while current_blocks < data_blocks.min(INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT) {
+                    v.push(indirect1[current_blocks]);
+                    //indirect1[current_blocks] = 0;
+                    current_blocks += 1;
+                }
+            });
         self.indirect1 = 0;
         // indirect2 block
         if data_blocks > INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT {
@@ -282,45 +261,33 @@ impl DiskInode {
         assert!(data_blocks <= INODE_INDIRECT2_COUNT);
         let a1 = data_blocks / INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT;
         let b1 = data_blocks % INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT;
-        get_block_cache(
-            self.indirect2 as usize,
-            Arc::clone(block_device),
-        )
-        .lock()
-        .modify(0, |indirect2: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-            // full indirect1 blocks
-            for i in 0..a1 {
-                v.push(indirect2[i]);
-                get_block_cache(
-                    indirect2[i] as usize,
-                    Arc::clone(block_device),
-                )
-                .lock()
-                .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-                    for j in 0..INODE_INDIRECT1_COUNT {
-                        v.push(indirect1[j]);
-                        //indirect1[j] = 0;
-                    }
-                });
-                //indirect2[i] = 0;
-            }
-            // last indirect1 block
-            if b1 > 0 {
-                v.push(indirect2[a1]);
-                get_block_cache(
-                    indirect2[a1] as usize,
-                    Arc::clone(block_device),
-                )
-                .lock()
-                .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
-                    for j in 0..b1 {
-                        v.push(indirect1[j]);
-                        //indirect1[j] = 0;
-                    }
-                });
-                //indirect2[a1] = 0;
-            }
-        });
+        get_block_cache(self.indirect2 as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(0, |indirect2: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                // full indirect1 blocks
+                for entry in indirect2.iter_mut().take(a1) {
+                    v.push(*entry);
+                    get_block_cache(*entry as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+                        .lock()
+                        .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                            for entry in indirect1.iter() {
+                                v.push(*entry);
+                            }
+                        });
+                }
+                // last indirect1 block
+                if b1 > 0 {
+                    v.push(indirect2[a1]);
+                    get_block_cache(indirect2[a1] as usize, Arc::clone(block_device))
+                        .lock()
+                        .modify(0, |indirect1: &mut IndirectBlock| {
+                            for entry in indirect1.iter().take(b1) {
+                                v.push(*entry);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    //indirect2[a1] = 0;
+                }
+            });
         self.indirect2 = 0;
         v
     }
@@ -355,7 +322,9 @@ impl DiskInode {
             });
             read_size += block_read_size;
             // move to next block
-            if end_current_block == end { break; }
+            if end_current_block == end {
+                break;
+            }
             start_block += 1;
             start = end_current_block;
         }
@@ -381,7 +350,7 @@ impl DiskInode {
             let block_write_size = end_current_block - start;
             get_block_cache(
                 self.get_block_id(start_block as u32, block_device) as usize,
-                Arc::clone(block_device)
+                Arc::clone(block_device),
             )
             .lock()
             .modify(0, |data_block: &mut DataBlock| {
@@ -391,7 +360,9 @@ impl DiskInode {
             });
             write_size += block_write_size;
             // move to next block
-            if end_current_block == end { break; }
+            if end_current_block == end {
+                break;
+            }
             start_block += 1;
             start = end_current_block;
         }
@@ -423,20 +394,10 @@ impl DirEntry {
         }
     }
     pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        unsafe {
-            core::slice::from_raw_parts(
-                self as *const _ as usize as *const u8,
-                DIRENT_SZ,
-            )
-        }
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const _ as usize as *const u8, DIRENT_SZ) }
     }
     pub fn as_bytes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
-        unsafe {
-            core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
-                self as *mut _ as usize as *mut u8,
-                DIRENT_SZ,
-            )
-        }
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self as *mut _ as usize as *mut u8, DIRENT_SZ) }
     }
     pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
         let len = (0usize..).find(|i| self.name[*i] == 0).unwrap();
@@ -445,4 +406,4 @@ impl DirEntry {
     pub fn inode_number(&self) -> u32 {
         self.inode_number
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/lib.rs b/easy-fs/src/lib.rs
index afb957ac..fa36e6b7 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
+mod bitmap;
+mod block_cache;
 mod block_dev;
-mod layout;
 mod efs;
-mod bitmap;
+mod layout;
 mod vfs;
-mod block_cache;
 
 pub const BLOCK_SZ: usize = 512;
+use bitmap::Bitmap;
+use block_cache::{block_cache_sync_all, get_block_cache};
 pub use block_dev::BlockDevice;
 pub use efs::EasyFileSystem;
-pub use vfs::Inode;
 use layout::*;
-use bitmap::Bitmap;
-use block_cache::{get_block_cache, block_cache_sync_all};
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use vfs::Inode;
diff --git a/easy-fs/src/vfs.rs b/easy-fs/src/vfs.rs
index 9534c39a..d67948f5 100644
--- a/easy-fs/src/vfs.rs
+++ b/easy-fs/src/vfs.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
 use super::{
-    BlockDevice,
-    DiskInode,
-    DiskInodeType,
-    DirEntry,
-    EasyFileSystem,
-    DIRENT_SZ,
-    get_block_cache,
-    block_cache_sync_all,
+    block_cache_sync_all, get_block_cache, BlockDevice, DirEntry, DiskInode, DiskInodeType,
+    EasyFileSystem, DIRENT_SZ,
 };
-use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use spin::{Mutex, MutexGuard};
 
@@ -37,35 +31,25 @@ impl Inode {
     }
 
     fn read_disk_inode<V>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&DiskInode) -> V) -> V {
-        get_block_cache(
-            self.block_id,
-            Arc::clone(&self.block_device)
-        ).lock().read(self.block_offset, f)
+        get_block_cache(self.block_id, Arc::clone(&self.block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .read(self.block_offset, f)
     }
 
     fn modify_disk_inode<V>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut DiskInode) -> V) -> V {
-        get_block_cache(
-            self.block_id,
-            Arc::clone(&self.block_device)
-        ).lock().modify(self.block_offset, f)
+        get_block_cache(self.block_id, Arc::clone(&self.block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(self.block_offset, f)
     }
 
-    fn find_inode_id(
-        &self,
-        name: &str,
-        disk_inode: &DiskInode,
-    ) -> Option<u32> {
+    fn find_inode_id(&self, name: &str, disk_inode: &DiskInode) -> Option<u32> {
         // assert it is a directory
         assert!(disk_inode.is_dir());
         let file_count = (disk_inode.size as usize) / DIRENT_SZ;
         let mut dirent = DirEntry::empty();
         for i in 0..file_count {
             assert_eq!(
-                disk_inode.read_at(
-                    DIRENT_SZ * i,
-                    dirent.as_bytes_mut(),
-                    &self.block_device,
-                ),
+                disk_inode.read_at(DIRENT_SZ * i, dirent.as_bytes_mut(), &self.block_device,),
                 DIRENT_SZ,
             );
             if dirent.name() == name {
@@ -78,8 +62,7 @@ impl Inode {
     pub fn find(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<Inode>> {
         let fs = self.fs.lock();
         self.read_disk_inode(|disk_inode| {
-            self.find_inode_id(name, disk_inode)
-            .map(|inode_id| {
+            self.find_inode_id(name, disk_inode).map(|inode_id| {
                 let (block_id, block_offset) = fs.get_disk_inode_pos(inode_id);
                 Arc::new(Self::new(
                     block_id,
@@ -110,26 +93,25 @@ impl Inode {
 
     pub fn create(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<Inode>> {
         let mut fs = self.fs.lock();
-        if self.modify_disk_inode(|root_inode| {
+        let op = |root_inode: &DiskInode| {
             // assert it is a directory
             assert!(root_inode.is_dir());
             // has the file been created?
             self.find_inode_id(name, root_inode)
-        }).is_some() {
+        };
+        if self.read_disk_inode(op).is_some() {
             return None;
         }
         // create a new file
         // alloc a inode with an indirect block
         let new_inode_id = fs.alloc_inode();
         // initialize inode
-        let (new_inode_block_id, new_inode_block_offset) 
-            = fs.get_disk_inode_pos(new_inode_id);
-        get_block_cache(
-            new_inode_block_id as usize,
-            Arc::clone(&self.block_device)
-        ).lock().modify(new_inode_block_offset, |new_inode: &mut DiskInode| {
-            new_inode.initialize(DiskInodeType::File);
-        });
+        let (new_inode_block_id, new_inode_block_offset) = fs.get_disk_inode_pos(new_inode_id);
+        get_block_cache(new_inode_block_id as usize, Arc::clone(&self.block_device))
+            .lock()
+            .modify(new_inode_block_offset, |new_inode: &mut DiskInode| {
+                new_inode.initialize(DiskInodeType::File);
+            });
         self.modify_disk_inode(|root_inode| {
             // append file in the dirent
             let file_count = (root_inode.size as usize) / DIRENT_SZ;
@@ -165,11 +147,7 @@ impl Inode {
             for i in 0..file_count {
                 let mut dirent = DirEntry::empty();
                 assert_eq!(
-                    disk_inode.read_at(
-                        i * DIRENT_SZ,
-                        dirent.as_bytes_mut(),
-                        &self.block_device,
-                    ),
+                    disk_inode.read_at(i * DIRENT_SZ, dirent.as_bytes_mut(), &self.block_device,),
                     DIRENT_SZ,
                 );
                 v.push(String::from(dirent.name()));
@@ -180,9 +158,7 @@ impl Inode {
 
     pub fn read_at(&self, offset: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
         let _fs = self.fs.lock();
-        self.read_disk_inode(|disk_inode| {
-            disk_inode.read_at(offset, buf, &self.block_device)
-        })
+        self.read_disk_inode(|disk_inode| disk_inode.read_at(offset, buf, &self.block_device))
     }
 
     pub fn write_at(&self, offset: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> usize {
diff --git a/os/src/config.rs b/os/src/config.rs
index dce95ec4..0af32704 100644
--- a/os/src/config.rs
+++ b/os/src/config.rs
@@ -17,26 +17,24 @@ pub const CLOCK_FREQ: usize = 403000000 / 62;
 pub const CLOCK_FREQ: usize = 12500000;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
-pub const MMIO: &[(usize, usize)] = &[
-    (0x10001000, 0x1000),
-];
+pub const MMIO: &[(usize, usize)] = &[(0x10001000, 0x1000)];
 
 #[cfg(feature = "board_k210")]
 pub const MMIO: &[(usize, usize)] = &[
     // we don't need clint in S priv when running
     // we only need claim/complete for target0 after initializing
-    (0x0C00_0000, 0x3000),      /* PLIC      */
-    (0x0C20_0000, 0x1000),      /* PLIC      */
-    (0x3800_0000, 0x1000),      /* UARTHS    */
-    (0x3800_1000, 0x1000),      /* GPIOHS    */
-    (0x5020_0000, 0x1000),      /* GPIO      */
-    (0x5024_0000, 0x1000),      /* SPI_SLAVE */
-    (0x502B_0000, 0x1000),      /* FPIOA     */
-    (0x502D_0000, 0x1000),      /* TIMER0    */
-    (0x502E_0000, 0x1000),      /* TIMER1    */
-    (0x502F_0000, 0x1000),      /* TIMER2    */
-    (0x5044_0000, 0x1000),      /* SYSCTL    */
-    (0x5200_0000, 0x1000),      /* SPI0      */
-    (0x5300_0000, 0x1000),      /* SPI1      */
-    (0x5400_0000, 0x1000),      /* SPI2      */
-];
\ No newline at end of file
+    (0x0C00_0000, 0x3000), /* PLIC      */
+    (0x0C20_0000, 0x1000), /* PLIC      */
+    (0x3800_0000, 0x1000), /* UARTHS    */
+    (0x3800_1000, 0x1000), /* GPIOHS    */
+    (0x5020_0000, 0x1000), /* GPIO      */
+    (0x5024_0000, 0x1000), /* SPI_SLAVE */
+    (0x502B_0000, 0x1000), /* FPIOA     */
+    (0x502D_0000, 0x1000), /* TIMER0    */
+    (0x502E_0000, 0x1000), /* TIMER1    */
+    (0x502F_0000, 0x1000), /* TIMER2    */
+    (0x5044_0000, 0x1000), /* SYSCTL    */
+    (0x5200_0000, 0x1000), /* SPI0      */
+    (0x5300_0000, 0x1000), /* SPI1      */
+    (0x5400_0000, 0x1000), /* SPI2      */
+];
diff --git a/os/src/console.rs b/os/src/console.rs
index 2bd55930..dda4911a 100644
--- a/os/src/console.rs
+++ b/os/src/console.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use core::fmt::{self, Write};
 use crate::sbi::console_putchar;
+use core::fmt::{self, Write};
 
 struct Stdout;
 
@@ -29,5 +29,3 @@ macro_rules! println {
         $crate::console::print(format_args!(concat!($fmt, "\n") $(, $($arg)+)?));
     }
 }
-
-
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/block/mod.rs b/os/src/drivers/block/mod.rs
index f79b8b81..67436fd2 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/block/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/block/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-mod virtio_blk;
 mod sdcard;
+mod virtio_blk;
 
-use lazy_static::*;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use easy_fs::BlockDevice;
+use lazy_static::*;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
 type BlockDeviceImpl = virtio_blk::VirtIOBlock;
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@ pub fn block_device_test() {
     let mut write_buffer = [0u8; 512];
     let mut read_buffer = [0u8; 512];
     for i in 0..512 {
-        for byte in write_buffer.iter_mut() { *byte = i as u8; }
+        for byte in write_buffer.iter_mut() {
+            *byte = i as u8;
+        }
         block_device.write_block(i as usize, &write_buffer);
         block_device.read_block(i as usize, &mut read_buffer);
         assert_eq!(write_buffer, read_buffer);
     }
     println!("block device test passed!");
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/block/sdcard.rs b/os/src/drivers/block/sdcard.rs
index e550cc01..8603b2f9 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/block/sdcard.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/block/sdcard.rs
@@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
 #![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
 #![allow(unused)]
 
-use k210_pac::{Peripherals, SPI0};
+use super::BlockDevice;
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
+use core::convert::TryInto;
 use k210_hal::prelude::*;
+use k210_pac::{Peripherals, SPI0};
 use k210_soc::{
+    fpioa::{self, io},
     //dmac::{dma_channel, DMAC, DMACExt},
     gpio,
     gpiohs,
-    spi::{aitm, frame_format, tmod, work_mode, SPI, SPIExt, SPIImpl},
-    fpioa::{self, io},
-    sysctl,
     sleep::usleep,
+    spi::{aitm, frame_format, tmod, work_mode, SPIExt, SPIImpl, SPI},
+    sysctl,
 };
-use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use lazy_static::*;
-use super::BlockDevice;
-use core::convert::TryInto;
 
 pub struct SDCard<SPI> {
     spi: SPI,
@@ -160,7 +160,11 @@ pub struct SDCardInfo {
 }
 
 impl</*'a,*/ X: SPI> SDCard</*'a,*/ X> {
-    pub fn new(spi: X, spi_cs: u32, cs_gpionum: u8/*, dmac: &'a DMAC, channel: dma_channel*/) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        spi: X,
+        spi_cs: u32,
+        cs_gpionum: u8, /*, dmac: &'a DMAC, channel: dma_channel*/
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             spi,
             spi_cs,
@@ -606,7 +610,7 @@ impl</*'a,*/ X: SPI> SDCard</*'a,*/ X> {
         }
         let mut error = false;
         //let mut dma_chunk = [0u32; SEC_LEN];
-        let mut tmp_chunk= [0u8; SEC_LEN];
+        let mut tmp_chunk = [0u8; SEC_LEN];
         for chunk in data_buf.chunks_mut(SEC_LEN) {
             if self.get_response() != SD_START_DATA_SINGLE_BLOCK_READ {
                 error = true;
@@ -616,7 +620,7 @@ impl</*'a,*/ X: SPI> SDCard</*'a,*/ X> {
             //self.read_data_dma(&mut dma_chunk);
             self.read_data(&mut tmp_chunk);
             /* Place the data received as u32 units from DMA into the u8 target buffer */
-            for (a, b) in chunk.iter_mut().zip(/*dma_chunk*/tmp_chunk.iter()) {
+            for (a, b) in chunk.iter_mut().zip(/*dma_chunk*/ tmp_chunk.iter()) {
                 //*a = (b & 0xff) as u8;
                 *a = *b;
             }
@@ -675,7 +679,7 @@ impl</*'a,*/ X: SPI> SDCard</*'a,*/ X> {
             /* Send the data token to signify the start of the data */
             self.write_data(&frame);
             /* Write the block data to SD : write count data by block */
-            for (a, &b) in /*dma_chunk*/tmp_chunk.iter_mut().zip(chunk.iter()) {
+            for (a, &b) in /*dma_chunk*/ tmp_chunk.iter_mut().zip(chunk.iter()) {
                 //*a = b.into();
                 *a = b;
             }
@@ -711,9 +715,8 @@ fn io_init() {
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
-    static ref PERIPHERALS: UPSafeCell<Peripherals> = unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(Peripherals::take().unwrap())
-    };
+    static ref PERIPHERALS: UPSafeCell<Peripherals> =
+        unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(Peripherals::take().unwrap()) };
 }
 
 fn init_sdcard() -> SDCard<SPIImpl<SPI0>> {
@@ -747,9 +750,15 @@ impl SDCardWrapper {
 
 impl BlockDevice for SDCardWrapper {
     fn read_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) {
-        self.0.exclusive_access().read_sector(buf,block_id as u32).unwrap();
+        self.0
+            .exclusive_access()
+            .read_sector(buf, block_id as u32)
+            .unwrap();
     }
     fn write_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &[u8]) {
-        self.0.exclusive_access().write_sector(buf,block_id as u32).unwrap();
+        self.0
+            .exclusive_access()
+            .write_sector(buf, block_id as u32)
+            .unwrap();
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs b/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs
index 6b386190..cca839da 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,12 @@
-
-use virtio_drivers::{VirtIOBlk, VirtIOHeader};
+use super::BlockDevice;
 use crate::mm::{
-    PhysAddr,
-    VirtAddr,
-    frame_alloc,
-    frame_dealloc,
-    PhysPageNum,
-    FrameTracker,
-    StepByOne,
-    PageTable,
-    kernel_token,
+    frame_alloc, frame_dealloc, kernel_token, FrameTracker, PageTable, PhysAddr, PhysPageNum,
+    StepByOne, VirtAddr,
 };
-use super::BlockDevice;
 use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use lazy_static::*;
+use virtio_drivers::{VirtIOBlk, VirtIOHeader};
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 const VIRTIO0: usize = 0x10001000;
@@ -22,21 +14,21 @@ const VIRTIO0: usize = 0x10001000;
 pub struct VirtIOBlock(UPSafeCell<VirtIOBlk<'static>>);
 
 lazy_static! {
-    static ref QUEUE_FRAMES: UPSafeCell<Vec<FrameTracker>> = unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(Vec::new())
-    };
+    static ref QUEUE_FRAMES: UPSafeCell<Vec<FrameTracker>> = unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(Vec::new()) };
 }
 
 impl BlockDevice for VirtIOBlock {
     fn read_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) {
-        self.0.exclusive_access()
-        .read_block(block_id, buf)
-        .expect("Error when reading VirtIOBlk");
+        self.0
+            .exclusive_access()
+            .read_block(block_id, buf)
+            .expect("Error when reading VirtIOBlk");
     }
     fn write_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &[u8]) {
-        self.0.exclusive_access()
-        .write_block(block_id, buf)
-        .expect("Error when writing VirtIOBlk");
+        self.0
+            .exclusive_access()
+            .write_block(block_id, buf)
+            .expect("Error when writing VirtIOBlk");
     }
 }
 
@@ -44,9 +36,9 @@ impl VirtIOBlock {
     #[allow(unused)]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         unsafe {
-            Self(UPSafeCell::new(VirtIOBlk::new(
-                &mut *(VIRTIO0 as *mut VirtIOHeader)
-            ).unwrap()))
+            Self(UPSafeCell::new(
+                VirtIOBlk::new(&mut *(VIRTIO0 as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap(),
+            ))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -56,7 +48,9 @@ pub extern "C" fn virtio_dma_alloc(pages: usize) -> PhysAddr {
     let mut ppn_base = PhysPageNum(0);
     for i in 0..pages {
         let frame = frame_alloc().unwrap();
-        if i == 0 { ppn_base = frame.ppn; }
+        if i == 0 {
+            ppn_base = frame.ppn;
+        }
         assert_eq!(frame.ppn.0, ppn_base.0 + i);
         QUEUE_FRAMES.exclusive_access().push(frame);
     }
@@ -80,5 +74,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn virtio_phys_to_virt(paddr: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn virtio_virt_to_phys(vaddr: VirtAddr) -> PhysAddr {
-    PageTable::from_token(kernel_token()).translate_va(vaddr).unwrap()
+    PageTable::from_token(kernel_token())
+        .translate_va(vaddr)
+        .unwrap()
 }
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/mod.rs b/os/src/drivers/mod.rs
index 54c0a2cb..43a6f54b 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod block;
 
-pub use block::BLOCK_DEVICE;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use block::BLOCK_DEVICE;
diff --git a/os/src/fs/inode.rs b/os/src/fs/inode.rs
index 8e644066..ad22ca58 100644
--- a/os/src/fs/inode.rs
+++ b/os/src/fs/inode.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-use easy_fs::{
-    EasyFileSystem,
-    Inode,
-};
+use super::File;
 use crate::drivers::BLOCK_DEVICE;
+use crate::mm::UserBuffer;
 use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use lazy_static::*;
-use bitflags::*;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use super::File;
-use crate::mm::UserBuffer;
+use bitflags::*;
+use easy_fs::{EasyFileSystem, Inode};
+use lazy_static::*;
 
 pub struct OSInode {
     readable: bool,
@@ -23,18 +20,11 @@ pub struct OSInodeInner {
 }
 
 impl OSInode {
-    pub fn new(
-        readable: bool,
-        writable: bool,
-        inode: Arc<Inode>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(readable: bool, writable: bool, inode: Arc<Inode>) -> Self {
         Self {
             readable,
             writable,
-            inner: unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(OSInodeInner {
-                offset: 0,
-                inode,
-            })},
+            inner: unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(OSInodeInner { offset: 0, inode }) },
         }
     }
     pub fn read_all(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -98,40 +88,30 @@ pub fn open_file(name: &str, flags: OpenFlags) -> Option<Arc<OSInode>> {
         if let Some(inode) = ROOT_INODE.find(name) {
             // clear size
             inode.clear();
-            Some(Arc::new(OSInode::new(
-                readable,
-                writable,
-                inode,
-            )))
+            Some(Arc::new(OSInode::new(readable, writable, inode)))
         } else {
             // create file
-            ROOT_INODE.create(name)
-                .map(|inode| {
-                    Arc::new(OSInode::new(
-                        readable,
-                        writable,
-                        inode,
-                    ))
-                })
+            ROOT_INODE
+                .create(name)
+                .map(|inode| Arc::new(OSInode::new(readable, writable, inode)))
         }
     } else {
-        ROOT_INODE.find(name)
-            .map(|inode| {
-                if flags.contains(OpenFlags::TRUNC) {
-                    inode.clear();
-                }
-                Arc::new(OSInode::new(
-                    readable,
-                    writable,
-                    inode
-                ))
-            })
+        ROOT_INODE.find(name).map(|inode| {
+            if flags.contains(OpenFlags::TRUNC) {
+                inode.clear();
+            }
+            Arc::new(OSInode::new(readable, writable, inode))
+        })
     }
 }
 
 impl File for OSInode {
-    fn readable(&self) -> bool { self.readable }
-    fn writable(&self) -> bool { self.writable }
+    fn readable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.readable
+    }
+    fn writable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.writable
+    }
     fn read(&self, mut buf: UserBuffer) -> usize {
         let mut inner = self.inner.exclusive_access();
         let mut total_read_size = 0usize;
diff --git a/os/src/fs/mod.rs b/os/src/fs/mod.rs
index ecc0d155..ce88f287 100644
--- a/os/src/fs/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/fs/mod.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-mod stdio;
 mod inode;
+mod stdio;
 
 use crate::mm::UserBuffer;
 
-pub trait File : Send + Sync {
+pub trait File: Send + Sync {
     fn readable(&self) -> bool;
     fn writable(&self) -> bool;
     fn read(&self, buf: UserBuffer) -> usize;
     fn write(&self, buf: UserBuffer) -> usize;
 }
 
+pub use inode::{list_apps, open_file, OSInode, OpenFlags};
 pub use stdio::{Stdin, Stdout};
-pub use inode::{OSInode, open_file, OpenFlags, list_apps};
diff --git a/os/src/fs/stdio.rs b/os/src/fs/stdio.rs
index e8df7950..7c74d3e1 100644
--- a/os/src/fs/stdio.rs
+++ b/os/src/fs/stdio.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::File;
-use crate::mm::{UserBuffer};
+use crate::mm::UserBuffer;
 use crate::sbi::console_getchar;
 use crate::task::suspend_current_and_run_next;
 
@@ -8,8 +8,12 @@ pub struct Stdin;
 pub struct Stdout;
 
 impl File for Stdin {
-    fn readable(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn writable(&self) -> bool { false }
+    fn readable(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    fn writable(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
     fn read(&self, mut user_buf: UserBuffer) -> usize {
         assert_eq!(user_buf.len(), 1);
         // busy loop
@@ -24,7 +28,9 @@ impl File for Stdin {
             }
         }
         let ch = c as u8;
-        unsafe { user_buf.buffers[0].as_mut_ptr().write_volatile(ch); }
+        unsafe {
+            user_buf.buffers[0].as_mut_ptr().write_volatile(ch);
+        }
         1
     }
     fn write(&self, _user_buf: UserBuffer) -> usize {
@@ -33,9 +39,13 @@ impl File for Stdin {
 }
 
 impl File for Stdout {
-    fn readable(&self) -> bool { false }
-    fn writable(&self) -> bool { true }
-    fn read(&self, _user_buf: UserBuffer) -> usize{
+    fn readable(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+    fn writable(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    fn read(&self, _user_buf: UserBuffer) -> usize {
         panic!("Cannot read from stdout!");
     }
     fn write(&self, user_buf: UserBuffer) -> usize {
@@ -44,4 +54,4 @@ impl File for Stdout {
         }
         user_buf.len()
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/lang_items.rs b/os/src/lang_items.rs
index 3f5462ab..af3e5152 100644
--- a/os/src/lang_items.rs
+++ b/os/src/lang_items.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 use crate::sbi::shutdown;
+use core::panic::PanicInfo;
 
 #[panic_handler]
 fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
     if let Some(location) = info.location() {
-        println!("[kernel] Panicked at {}:{} {}", location.file(), location.line(), info.message().unwrap());
+        println!(
+            "[kernel] Panicked at {}:{} {}",
+            location.file(),
+            location.line(),
+            info.message().unwrap()
+        );
     } else {
         println!("[kernel] Panicked: {}", info.message().unwrap());
     }
diff --git a/os/src/main.rs b/os/src/main.rs
index 3a960a65..23b9725b 100644
--- a/os/src/main.rs
+++ b/os/src/main.rs
@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ extern crate bitflags;
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod console;
+mod config;
+mod drivers;
+mod fs;
 mod lang_items;
+mod mm;
 mod sbi;
+mod sync;
 mod syscall;
-mod trap;
-mod config;
 mod task;
 mod timer;
-mod sync;
-mod mm;
-mod fs;
-mod drivers;
+mod trap;
 
 use core::arch::global_asm;
 
@@ -32,10 +32,8 @@ fn clear_bss() {
         fn ebss();
     }
     unsafe {
-        core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
-            sbss as usize as *mut u8,
-            ebss as usize - sbss as usize,
-        ).fill(0);
+        core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(sbss as usize as *mut u8, ebss as usize - sbss as usize)
+            .fill(0);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/os/src/mm/address.rs b/os/src/mm/address.rs
index 107f35c6..7faceaa9 100644
--- a/os/src/mm/address.rs
+++ b/os/src/mm/address.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::config::{PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE_BITS};
 use super::PageTableEntry;
+use crate::config::{PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE_BITS};
 use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 
 const PA_WIDTH_SV39: usize = 56;
@@ -52,35 +52,59 @@ impl Debug for PhysPageNum {
 /// usize -> T: usize.into()
 
 impl From<usize> for PhysAddr {
-    fn from(v: usize) -> Self { Self(v & ( (1 << PA_WIDTH_SV39) - 1 )) }
+    fn from(v: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(v & ((1 << PA_WIDTH_SV39) - 1))
+    }
 }
 impl From<usize> for PhysPageNum {
-    fn from(v: usize) -> Self { Self(v & ( (1 << PPN_WIDTH_SV39) - 1 )) }
+    fn from(v: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(v & ((1 << PPN_WIDTH_SV39) - 1))
+    }
 }
 impl From<usize> for VirtAddr {
-    fn from(v: usize) -> Self { Self(v & ( (1 << VA_WIDTH_SV39) - 1 )) }
+    fn from(v: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(v & ((1 << VA_WIDTH_SV39) - 1))
+    }
 }
 impl From<usize> for VirtPageNum {
-    fn from(v: usize) -> Self { Self(v & ( (1 << VPN_WIDTH_SV39) - 1 )) }
+    fn from(v: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(v & ((1 << VPN_WIDTH_SV39) - 1))
+    }
 }
 impl From<PhysAddr> for usize {
-    fn from(v: PhysAddr) -> Self { v.0 }
+    fn from(v: PhysAddr) -> Self {
+        v.0
+    }
 }
 impl From<PhysPageNum> for usize {
-    fn from(v: PhysPageNum) -> Self { v.0 }
+    fn from(v: PhysPageNum) -> Self {
+        v.0
+    }
 }
 impl From<VirtAddr> for usize {
-    fn from(v: VirtAddr) -> Self { v.0 }
+    fn from(v: VirtAddr) -> Self {
+        v.0
+    }
 }
 impl From<VirtPageNum> for usize {
-    fn from(v: VirtPageNum) -> Self { v.0 }
+    fn from(v: VirtPageNum) -> Self {
+        v.0
+    }
 }
 
 impl VirtAddr {
-    pub fn floor(&self) -> VirtPageNum { VirtPageNum(self.0 / PAGE_SIZE) }
-    pub fn ceil(&self) -> VirtPageNum  { VirtPageNum((self.0 - 1 + PAGE_SIZE) / PAGE_SIZE) }
-    pub fn page_offset(&self) -> usize { self.0 & (PAGE_SIZE - 1) }
-    pub fn aligned(&self) -> bool { self.page_offset() == 0 }
+    pub fn floor(&self) -> VirtPageNum {
+        VirtPageNum(self.0 / PAGE_SIZE)
+    }
+    pub fn ceil(&self) -> VirtPageNum {
+        VirtPageNum((self.0 - 1 + PAGE_SIZE) / PAGE_SIZE)
+    }
+    pub fn page_offset(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0 & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)
+    }
+    pub fn aligned(&self) -> bool {
+        self.page_offset() == 0
+    }
 }
 impl From<VirtAddr> for VirtPageNum {
     fn from(v: VirtAddr) -> Self {
@@ -89,13 +113,23 @@ impl From<VirtAddr> for VirtPageNum {
     }
 }
 impl From<VirtPageNum> for VirtAddr {
-    fn from(v: VirtPageNum) -> Self { Self(v.0 << PAGE_SIZE_BITS) }
+    fn from(v: VirtPageNum) -> Self {
+        Self(v.0 << PAGE_SIZE_BITS)
+    }
 }
 impl PhysAddr {
-    pub fn floor(&self) -> PhysPageNum { PhysPageNum(self.0 / PAGE_SIZE) }
-    pub fn ceil(&self) -> PhysPageNum { PhysPageNum((self.0 - 1 + PAGE_SIZE) / PAGE_SIZE) }
-    pub fn page_offset(&self) -> usize { self.0 & (PAGE_SIZE - 1) }
-    pub fn aligned(&self) -> bool { self.page_offset() == 0 }
+    pub fn floor(&self) -> PhysPageNum {
+        PhysPageNum(self.0 / PAGE_SIZE)
+    }
+    pub fn ceil(&self) -> PhysPageNum {
+        PhysPageNum((self.0 - 1 + PAGE_SIZE) / PAGE_SIZE)
+    }
+    pub fn page_offset(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0 & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)
+    }
+    pub fn aligned(&self) -> bool {
+        self.page_offset() == 0
+    }
 }
 impl From<PhysAddr> for PhysPageNum {
     fn from(v: PhysAddr) -> Self {
@@ -104,7 +138,9 @@ impl From<PhysAddr> for PhysPageNum {
     }
 }
 impl From<PhysPageNum> for PhysAddr {
-    fn from(v: PhysPageNum) -> Self { Self(v.0 << PAGE_SIZE_BITS) }
+    fn from(v: PhysPageNum) -> Self {
+        Self(v.0 << PAGE_SIZE_BITS)
+    }
 }
 
 impl VirtPageNum {
@@ -121,28 +157,20 @@ impl VirtPageNum {
 
 impl PhysAddr {
     pub fn get_ref<T>(&self) -> &'static T {
-        unsafe {
-            (self.0 as *const T).as_ref().unwrap()
-        }
+        unsafe { (self.0 as *const T).as_ref().unwrap() }
     }
     pub fn get_mut<T>(&self) -> &'static mut T {
-        unsafe {
-            (self.0 as *mut T).as_mut().unwrap()
-        }
+        unsafe { (self.0 as *mut T).as_mut().unwrap() }
     }
 }
 impl PhysPageNum {
     pub fn get_pte_array(&self) -> &'static mut [PageTableEntry] {
         let pa: PhysAddr = self.clone().into();
-        unsafe {
-            core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(pa.0 as *mut PageTableEntry, 512)
-        }
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(pa.0 as *mut PageTableEntry, 512) }
     }
     pub fn get_bytes_array(&self) -> &'static mut [u8] {
         let pa: PhysAddr = self.clone().into();
-        unsafe {
-            core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(pa.0 as *mut u8, 4096)
-        }
+        unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(pa.0 as *mut u8, 4096) }
     }
     pub fn get_mut<T>(&self) -> &'static mut T {
         let pa: PhysAddr = self.clone().into();
@@ -165,41 +193,57 @@ impl StepByOne for PhysPageNum {
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct SimpleRange<T> where
-    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug, {
+pub struct SimpleRange<T>
+where
+    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug,
+{
     l: T,
     r: T,
 }
-impl<T> SimpleRange<T> where
-    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug, {
+impl<T> SimpleRange<T>
+where
+    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug,
+{
     pub fn new(start: T, end: T) -> Self {
         assert!(start <= end, "start {:?} > end {:?}!", start, end);
         Self { l: start, r: end }
     }
-    pub fn get_start(&self) -> T { self.l }
-    pub fn get_end(&self) -> T { self.r }
+    pub fn get_start(&self) -> T {
+        self.l
+    }
+    pub fn get_end(&self) -> T {
+        self.r
+    }
 }
-impl<T> IntoIterator for SimpleRange<T> where
-    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug, {
+impl<T> IntoIterator for SimpleRange<T>
+where
+    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug,
+{
     type Item = T;
     type IntoIter = SimpleRangeIterator<T>;
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         SimpleRangeIterator::new(self.l, self.r)
     }
 }
-pub struct SimpleRangeIterator<T> where
-    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug, {
+pub struct SimpleRangeIterator<T>
+where
+    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug,
+{
     current: T,
     end: T,
 }
-impl<T> SimpleRangeIterator<T> where
-    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug, {
+impl<T> SimpleRangeIterator<T>
+where
+    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug,
+{
     pub fn new(l: T, r: T) -> Self {
-        Self { current: l, end: r, }
+        Self { current: l, end: r }
     }
 }
-impl<T> Iterator for SimpleRangeIterator<T> where
-    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug, {
+impl<T> Iterator for SimpleRangeIterator<T>
+where
+    T: StepByOne + Copy + PartialEq + PartialOrd + Debug,
+{
     type Item = T;
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         if self.current == self.end {
diff --git a/os/src/mm/frame_allocator.rs b/os/src/mm/frame_allocator.rs
index 357db707..e0db1d40 100644
--- a/os/src/mm/frame_allocator.rs
+++ b/os/src/mm/frame_allocator.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use super::{PhysAddr, PhysPageNum};
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use crate::config::MEMORY_END;
-use lazy_static::*;
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use lazy_static::*;
 
 pub struct FrameTracker {
     pub ppn: PhysPageNum,
@@ -62,22 +62,17 @@ impl FrameAllocator for StackFrameAllocator {
     fn alloc(&mut self) -> Option<PhysPageNum> {
         if let Some(ppn) = self.recycled.pop() {
             Some(ppn.into())
+        } else if self.current == self.end {
+            None
         } else {
-            if self.current == self.end {
-                None
-            } else {
-                self.current += 1;
-                Some((self.current - 1).into())
-            }
+            self.current += 1;
+            Some((self.current - 1).into())
         }
     }
     fn dealloc(&mut self, ppn: PhysPageNum) {
         let ppn = ppn.0;
         // validity check
-        if ppn >= self.current || self.recycled
-            .iter()
-            .find(|&v| {*v == ppn})
-            .is_some() {
+        if ppn >= self.current || self.recycled.iter().find(|&v| *v == ppn).is_some() {
             panic!("Frame ppn={:#x} has not been allocated!", ppn);
         }
         // recycle
@@ -88,18 +83,18 @@ impl FrameAllocator for StackFrameAllocator {
 type FrameAllocatorImpl = StackFrameAllocator;
 
 lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref FRAME_ALLOCATOR: UPSafeCell<FrameAllocatorImpl> = unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(FrameAllocatorImpl::new())
-    };
+    pub static ref FRAME_ALLOCATOR: UPSafeCell<FrameAllocatorImpl> =
+        unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(FrameAllocatorImpl::new()) };
 }
 
 pub fn init_frame_allocator() {
     extern "C" {
         fn ekernel();
     }
-    FRAME_ALLOCATOR
-        .exclusive_access()
-        .init(PhysAddr::from(ekernel as usize).ceil(), PhysAddr::from(MEMORY_END).floor());
+    FRAME_ALLOCATOR.exclusive_access().init(
+        PhysAddr::from(ekernel as usize).ceil(),
+        PhysAddr::from(MEMORY_END).floor(),
+    );
 }
 
 pub fn frame_alloc() -> Option<FrameTracker> {
@@ -110,9 +105,7 @@ pub fn frame_alloc() -> Option<FrameTracker> {
 }
 
 pub fn frame_dealloc(ppn: PhysPageNum) {
-    FRAME_ALLOCATOR
-        .exclusive_access()
-        .dealloc(ppn);
+    FRAME_ALLOCATOR.exclusive_access().dealloc(ppn);
 }
 
 #[allow(unused)]
@@ -131,4 +124,4 @@ pub fn frame_allocator_test() {
     }
     drop(v);
     println!("frame_allocator_test passed!");
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/mm/heap_allocator.rs b/os/src/mm/heap_allocator.rs
index 2c7468f2..b802bbd3 100644
--- a/os/src/mm/heap_allocator.rs
+++ b/os/src/mm/heap_allocator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;
 use crate::config::KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE;
+use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;
 
 #[global_allocator]
 static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();
diff --git a/os/src/mm/memory_set.rs b/os/src/mm/memory_set.rs
index 31092442..a6b2dc01 100644
--- a/os/src/mm/memory_set.rs
+++ b/os/src/mm/memory_set.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-use super::{PageTable, PageTableEntry, PTEFlags};
-use super::{VirtPageNum, VirtAddr, PhysPageNum, PhysAddr};
-use super::{FrameTracker, frame_alloc};
-use super::{VPNRange, StepByOne};
+use super::{frame_alloc, FrameTracker};
+use super::{PTEFlags, PageTable, PageTableEntry};
+use super::{PhysAddr, PhysPageNum, VirtAddr, VirtPageNum};
+use super::{StepByOne, VPNRange};
+use crate::config::{MEMORY_END, MMIO, PAGE_SIZE, TRAMPOLINE, TRAP_CONTEXT, USER_STACK_SIZE};
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use riscv::register::satp;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use lazy_static::*;
-use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
-use crate::config::{
-    MEMORY_END,
-    PAGE_SIZE,
-    TRAMPOLINE,
-    TRAP_CONTEXT,
-    USER_STACK_SIZE,
-    MMIO,
-};
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use core::arch::asm;
+use lazy_static::*;
+use riscv::register::satp;
 
 extern "C" {
     fn stext();
@@ -32,9 +25,8 @@ extern "C" {
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref KERNEL_SPACE: Arc<UPSafeCell<MemorySet>> = Arc::new(unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(MemorySet::new_kernel())
-    });
+    pub static ref KERNEL_SPACE: Arc<UPSafeCell<MemorySet>> =
+        Arc::new(unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(MemorySet::new_kernel()) });
 }
 
 pub fn kernel_token() -> usize {
@@ -57,17 +49,24 @@ impl MemorySet {
         self.page_table.token()
     }
     /// Assume that no conflicts.
-    pub fn insert_framed_area(&mut self, start_va: VirtAddr, end_va: VirtAddr, permission: MapPermission) {
-        self.push(MapArea::new(
-            start_va,
-            end_va,
-            MapType::Framed,
-            permission,
-        ), None);
+    pub fn insert_framed_area(
+        &mut self,
+        start_va: VirtAddr,
+        end_va: VirtAddr,
+        permission: MapPermission,
+    ) {
+        self.push(
+            MapArea::new(start_va, end_va, MapType::Framed, permission),
+            None,
+        );
     }
     pub fn remove_area_with_start_vpn(&mut self, start_vpn: VirtPageNum) {
-        if let Some((idx, area)) = self.areas.iter_mut().enumerate()
-            .find(|(_, area)| area.vpn_range.get_start() == start_vpn) {
+        if let Some((idx, area)) = self
+            .areas
+            .iter_mut()
+            .enumerate()
+            .find(|(_, area)| area.vpn_range.get_start() == start_vpn)
+        {
             area.unmap(&mut self.page_table);
             self.areas.remove(idx);
         }
@@ -96,50 +95,71 @@ impl MemorySet {
         println!(".text [{:#x}, {:#x})", stext as usize, etext as usize);
         println!(".rodata [{:#x}, {:#x})", srodata as usize, erodata as usize);
         println!(".data [{:#x}, {:#x})", sdata as usize, edata as usize);
-        println!(".bss [{:#x}, {:#x})", sbss_with_stack as usize, ebss as usize);
+        println!(
+            ".bss [{:#x}, {:#x})",
+            sbss_with_stack as usize, ebss as usize
+        );
         println!("mapping .text section");
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            (stext as usize).into(),
-            (etext as usize).into(),
-            MapType::Identical,
-            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::X,
-        ), None);
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                (stext as usize).into(),
+                (etext as usize).into(),
+                MapType::Identical,
+                MapPermission::R | MapPermission::X,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
         println!("mapping .rodata section");
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            (srodata as usize).into(),
-            (erodata as usize).into(),
-            MapType::Identical,
-            MapPermission::R,
-        ), None);
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                (srodata as usize).into(),
+                (erodata as usize).into(),
+                MapType::Identical,
+                MapPermission::R,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
         println!("mapping .data section");
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            (sdata as usize).into(),
-            (edata as usize).into(),
-            MapType::Identical,
-            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
-        ), None);
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                (sdata as usize).into(),
+                (edata as usize).into(),
+                MapType::Identical,
+                MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
         println!("mapping .bss section");
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            (sbss_with_stack as usize).into(),
-            (ebss as usize).into(),
-            MapType::Identical,
-            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
-        ), None);
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                (sbss_with_stack as usize).into(),
+                (ebss as usize).into(),
+                MapType::Identical,
+                MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
         println!("mapping physical memory");
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            (ekernel as usize).into(),
-            MEMORY_END.into(),
-            MapType::Identical,
-            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
-        ), None);
-        println!("mapping memory-mapped registers");
-        for pair in MMIO {
-            memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-                (*pair).0.into(),
-                ((*pair).0 + (*pair).1).into(),
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                (ekernel as usize).into(),
+                MEMORY_END.into(),
                 MapType::Identical,
                 MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
-            ), None);
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
+        println!("mapping memory-mapped registers");
+        for pair in MMIO {
+            memory_set.push(
+                MapArea::new(
+                    (*pair).0.into(),
+                    ((*pair).0 + (*pair).1).into(),
+                    MapType::Identical,
+                    MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
+                ),
+                None,
+            );
         }
         memory_set
     }
@@ -163,19 +183,20 @@ impl MemorySet {
                 let end_va: VirtAddr = ((ph.virtual_addr() + ph.mem_size()) as usize).into();
                 let mut map_perm = MapPermission::U;
                 let ph_flags = ph.flags();
-                if ph_flags.is_read() { map_perm |= MapPermission::R; }
-                if ph_flags.is_write() { map_perm |= MapPermission::W; }
-                if ph_flags.is_execute() { map_perm |= MapPermission::X; }
-                let map_area = MapArea::new(
-                    start_va,
-                    end_va,
-                    MapType::Framed,
-                    map_perm,
-                );
+                if ph_flags.is_read() {
+                    map_perm |= MapPermission::R;
+                }
+                if ph_flags.is_write() {
+                    map_perm |= MapPermission::W;
+                }
+                if ph_flags.is_execute() {
+                    map_perm |= MapPermission::X;
+                }
+                let map_area = MapArea::new(start_va, end_va, MapType::Framed, map_perm);
                 max_end_vpn = map_area.vpn_range.get_end();
                 memory_set.push(
                     map_area,
-                    Some(&elf.input[ph.offset() as usize..(ph.offset() + ph.file_size()) as usize])
+                    Some(&elf.input[ph.offset() as usize..(ph.offset() + ph.file_size()) as usize]),
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -185,20 +206,30 @@ impl MemorySet {
         // guard page
         user_stack_bottom += PAGE_SIZE;
         let user_stack_top = user_stack_bottom + USER_STACK_SIZE;
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            user_stack_bottom.into(),
-            user_stack_top.into(),
-            MapType::Framed,
-            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W | MapPermission::U,
-        ), None);
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                user_stack_bottom.into(),
+                user_stack_top.into(),
+                MapType::Framed,
+                MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W | MapPermission::U,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
         // map TrapContext
-        memory_set.push(MapArea::new(
-            TRAP_CONTEXT.into(),
-            TRAMPOLINE.into(),
-            MapType::Framed,
-            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
-        ), None);
-        (memory_set, user_stack_top, elf.header.pt2.entry_point() as usize)
+        memory_set.push(
+            MapArea::new(
+                TRAP_CONTEXT.into(),
+                TRAMPOLINE.into(),
+                MapType::Framed,
+                MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
+        (
+            memory_set,
+            user_stack_top,
+            elf.header.pt2.entry_point() as usize,
+        )
     }
     pub fn from_existed_user(user_space: &MemorySet) -> MemorySet {
         let mut memory_set = Self::new_bare();
@@ -212,7 +243,9 @@ impl MemorySet {
             for vpn in area.vpn_range {
                 let src_ppn = user_space.translate(vpn).unwrap().ppn();
                 let dst_ppn = memory_set.translate(vpn).unwrap().ppn();
-                dst_ppn.get_bytes_array().copy_from_slice(src_ppn.get_bytes_array());
+                dst_ppn
+                    .get_bytes_array()
+                    .copy_from_slice(src_ppn.get_bytes_array());
             }
         }
         memory_set
@@ -245,7 +278,7 @@ impl MapArea {
         start_va: VirtAddr,
         end_va: VirtAddr,
         map_type: MapType,
-        map_perm: MapPermission
+        map_perm: MapPermission,
     ) -> Self {
         let start_vpn: VirtPageNum = start_va.floor();
         let end_vpn: VirtPageNum = end_va.ceil();
@@ -344,15 +377,27 @@ pub fn remap_test() {
     let mid_rodata: VirtAddr = ((srodata as usize + erodata as usize) / 2).into();
     let mid_data: VirtAddr = ((sdata as usize + edata as usize) / 2).into();
     assert_eq!(
-        kernel_space.page_table.translate(mid_text.floor()).unwrap().writable(),
+        kernel_space
+            .page_table
+            .translate(mid_text.floor())
+            .unwrap()
+            .writable(),
         false
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        kernel_space.page_table.translate(mid_rodata.floor()).unwrap().writable(),
+        kernel_space
+            .page_table
+            .translate(mid_rodata.floor())
+            .unwrap()
+            .writable(),
         false,
     );
     assert_eq!(
-        kernel_space.page_table.translate(mid_data.floor()).unwrap().executable(),
+        kernel_space
+            .page_table
+            .translate(mid_data.floor())
+            .unwrap()
+            .executable(),
         false,
     );
     println!("remap_test passed!");
diff --git a/os/src/mm/mod.rs b/os/src/mm/mod.rs
index 85e8c16a..34220c4a 100644
--- a/os/src/mm/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/mm/mod.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
-mod heap_allocator;
 mod address;
 mod frame_allocator;
-mod page_table;
+mod heap_allocator;
 mod memory_set;
+mod page_table;
 
-use page_table::PTEFlags;
 use address::VPNRange;
-pub use address::{PhysAddr, VirtAddr, PhysPageNum, VirtPageNum, StepByOne};
-pub use frame_allocator::{FrameTracker, frame_alloc, frame_dealloc,};
+pub use address::{PhysAddr, PhysPageNum, StepByOne, VirtAddr, VirtPageNum};
+pub use frame_allocator::{frame_alloc, frame_dealloc, FrameTracker};
+pub use memory_set::remap_test;
+pub use memory_set::{kernel_token, MapPermission, MemorySet, KERNEL_SPACE};
+use page_table::PTEFlags;
 pub use page_table::{
-    PageTable,
-    PageTableEntry,
-    translated_byte_buffer,
-    translated_str,
-    translated_ref,
-    translated_refmut,
-    UserBuffer,
-    UserBufferIterator,
+    translated_byte_buffer, translated_ref, translated_refmut, translated_str, PageTable,
+    PageTableEntry, UserBuffer, UserBufferIterator,
 };
-pub use memory_set::{MemorySet, KERNEL_SPACE, MapPermission, kernel_token};
-pub use memory_set::remap_test;
 
 pub fn init() {
     heap_allocator::init_heap();
     frame_allocator::init_frame_allocator();
     KERNEL_SPACE.exclusive_access().activate();
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/mm/page_table.rs b/os/src/mm/page_table.rs
index 1412c9fe..0400914a 100644
--- a/os/src/mm/page_table.rs
+++ b/os/src/mm/page_table.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
-use super::{
-    frame_alloc,
-    PhysPageNum,
-    FrameTracker,
-    VirtPageNum,
-    VirtAddr,
-    PhysAddr,
-    StepByOne
-};
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use alloc::vec;
+use super::{frame_alloc, FrameTracker, PhysAddr, PhysPageNum, StepByOne, VirtAddr, VirtPageNum};
 use alloc::string::String;
+use alloc::vec;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use bitflags::*;
 
 bitflags! {
@@ -38,9 +30,7 @@ impl PageTableEntry {
         }
     }
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        PageTableEntry {
-            bits: 0,
-        }
+        PageTableEntry { bits: 0 }
     }
     pub fn ppn(&self) -> PhysPageNum {
         (self.bits >> 10 & ((1usize << 44) - 1)).into()
@@ -132,17 +122,15 @@ impl PageTable {
         *pte = PageTableEntry::empty();
     }
     pub fn translate(&self, vpn: VirtPageNum) -> Option<PageTableEntry> {
-        self.find_pte(vpn)
-            .map(|pte| {pte.clone()})
+        self.find_pte(vpn).map(|pte| pte.clone())
     }
     pub fn translate_va(&self, va: VirtAddr) -> Option<PhysAddr> {
-        self.find_pte(va.clone().floor())
-            .map(|pte| {
-                let aligned_pa: PhysAddr = pte.ppn().into();
-                let offset = va.page_offset();
-                let aligned_pa_usize: usize = aligned_pa.into();
-                (aligned_pa_usize + offset).into()
-            })
+        self.find_pte(va.clone().floor()).map(|pte| {
+            let aligned_pa: PhysAddr = pte.ppn().into();
+            let offset = va.page_offset();
+            let aligned_pa_usize: usize = aligned_pa.into();
+            (aligned_pa_usize + offset).into()
+        })
     }
     pub fn token(&self) -> usize {
         8usize << 60 | self.root_ppn.0
@@ -157,10 +145,7 @@ pub fn translated_byte_buffer(token: usize, ptr: *const u8, len: usize) -> Vec<&
     while start < end {
         let start_va = VirtAddr::from(start);
         let mut vpn = start_va.floor();
-        let ppn = page_table
-            .translate(vpn)
-            .unwrap()
-            .ppn();
+        let ppn = page_table.translate(vpn).unwrap().ppn();
         vpn.step();
         let mut end_va: VirtAddr = vpn.into();
         end_va = end_va.min(VirtAddr::from(end));
@@ -180,7 +165,10 @@ pub fn translated_str(token: usize, ptr: *const u8) -> String {
     let mut string = String::new();
     let mut va = ptr as usize;
     loop {
-        let ch: u8 = *(page_table.translate_va(VirtAddr::from(va)).unwrap().get_mut());
+        let ch: u8 = *(page_table
+            .translate_va(VirtAddr::from(va))
+            .unwrap()
+            .get_mut());
         if ch == 0 {
             break;
         }
@@ -193,13 +181,19 @@ pub fn translated_str(token: usize, ptr: *const u8) -> String {
 #[allow(unused)]
 pub fn translated_ref<T>(token: usize, ptr: *const T) -> &'static T {
     let page_table = PageTable::from_token(token);
-    page_table.translate_va(VirtAddr::from(ptr as usize)).unwrap().get_ref()
+    page_table
+        .translate_va(VirtAddr::from(ptr as usize))
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_ref()
 }
 
 pub fn translated_refmut<T>(token: usize, ptr: *mut T) -> &'static mut T {
     let page_table = PageTable::from_token(token);
     let va = ptr as usize;
-    page_table.translate_va(VirtAddr::from(va)).unwrap().get_mut()
+    page_table
+        .translate_va(VirtAddr::from(va))
+        .unwrap()
+        .get_mut()
 }
 
 pub struct UserBuffer {
diff --git a/os/src/sbi.rs b/os/src/sbi.rs
index c8ecbf1d..2e2804b2 100644
--- a/os/src/sbi.rs
+++ b/os/src/sbi.rs
@@ -43,4 +43,3 @@ pub fn shutdown() -> ! {
     sbi_call(SBI_SHUTDOWN, 0, 0, 0);
     panic!("It should shutdown!");
 }
-
diff --git a/os/src/sync/mod.rs b/os/src/sync/mod.rs
index 77295248..d1ce5bcf 100644
--- a/os/src/sync/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/sync/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 mod up;
 
-pub use up::UPSafeCell;
\ No newline at end of file
+pub use up::UPSafeCell;
diff --git a/os/src/sync/up.rs b/os/src/sync/up.rs
index 642668c1..c7b2c9ee 100644
--- a/os/src/sync/up.rs
+++ b/os/src/sync/up.rs
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ impl<T> UPSafeCell<T> {
     /// User is responsible to guarantee that inner struct is only used in
     /// uniprocessor.
     pub unsafe fn new(value: T) -> Self {
-        Self { inner: RefCell::new(value) }
+        Self {
+            inner: RefCell::new(value),
+        }
     }
     /// Panic if the data has been borrowed.
     pub fn exclusive_access(&self) -> RefMut<'_, T> {
         self.inner.borrow_mut()
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/syscall/fs.rs b/os/src/syscall/fs.rs
index d1063e76..dbaa4eaf 100644
--- a/os/src/syscall/fs.rs
+++ b/os/src/syscall/fs.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-use crate::mm::{
-    UserBuffer,
-    translated_byte_buffer,
-    translated_str,
-};
-use crate::task::{current_user_token, current_task};
-use crate::fs::{OpenFlags, open_file};
+use crate::fs::{open_file, OpenFlags};
+use crate::mm::{translated_byte_buffer, translated_str, UserBuffer};
+use crate::task::{current_task, current_user_token};
 
 pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buf: *const u8, len: usize) -> isize {
     let token = current_user_token();
@@ -20,9 +16,7 @@ pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buf: *const u8, len: usize) -> isize {
         let file = file.clone();
         // release current task TCB manually to avoid multi-borrow
         drop(inner);
-        file.write(
-            UserBuffer::new(translated_byte_buffer(token, buf, len))
-        ) as isize
+        file.write(UserBuffer::new(translated_byte_buffer(token, buf, len))) as isize
     } else {
         -1
     }
@@ -42,9 +36,7 @@ pub fn sys_read(fd: usize, buf: *const u8, len: usize) -> isize {
         }
         // release current task TCB manually to avoid multi-borrow
         drop(inner);
-        file.read(
-            UserBuffer::new(translated_byte_buffer(token, buf, len))
-        ) as isize
+        file.read(UserBuffer::new(translated_byte_buffer(token, buf, len))) as isize
     } else {
         -1
     }
@@ -54,10 +46,7 @@ pub fn sys_open(path: *const u8, flags: u32) -> isize {
     let task = current_task().unwrap();
     let token = current_user_token();
     let path = translated_str(token, path);
-    if let Some(inode) = open_file(
-        path.as_str(),
-        OpenFlags::from_bits(flags).unwrap()
-    ) {
+    if let Some(inode) = open_file(path.as_str(), OpenFlags::from_bits(flags).unwrap()) {
         let mut inner = task.inner_exclusive_access();
         let fd = inner.alloc_fd();
         inner.fd_table[fd] = Some(inode);
diff --git a/os/src/syscall/mod.rs b/os/src/syscall/mod.rs
index 817c0ea7..8c5f6e3f 100644
--- a/os/src/syscall/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/syscall/mod.rs
@@ -32,4 +32,3 @@ pub fn syscall(syscall_id: usize, args: [usize; 3]) -> isize {
         _ => panic!("Unsupported syscall_id: {}", syscall_id),
     }
 }
-
diff --git a/os/src/syscall/process.rs b/os/src/syscall/process.rs
index a43ccfaf..6010370b 100644
--- a/os/src/syscall/process.rs
+++ b/os/src/syscall/process.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,10 @@
+use crate::fs::{open_file, OpenFlags};
+use crate::mm::{translated_refmut, translated_str};
 use crate::task::{
+    add_task, current_task, current_user_token, exit_current_and_run_next,
     suspend_current_and_run_next,
-    exit_current_and_run_next,
-    current_task,
-    current_user_token,
-    add_task,
 };
 use crate::timer::get_time_ms;
-use crate::mm::{
-    translated_str,
-    translated_refmut,
-};
-use crate::fs::{
-    open_file,
-    OpenFlags,
-};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 
 pub fn sys_exit(exit_code: i32) -> ! {
@@ -69,21 +60,20 @@ pub fn sys_waitpid(pid: isize, exit_code_ptr: *mut i32) -> isize {
 
     // ---- access current PCB exclusively
     let mut inner = task.inner_exclusive_access();
-    if inner.children
+    if inner
+        .children
         .iter()
-        .find(|p| {pid == -1 || pid as usize == p.getpid()})
-        .is_none() {
+        .find(|p| pid == -1 || pid as usize == p.getpid())
+        .is_none()
+    {
         return -1;
         // ---- release current PCB
     }
-    let pair = inner.children
-        .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .find(|(_, p)| {
-            // ++++ temporarily access child PCB exclusively
-            p.inner_exclusive_access().is_zombie() && (pid == -1 || pid as usize == p.getpid())
-            // ++++ release child PCB
-        });
+    let pair = inner.children.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, p)| {
+        // ++++ temporarily access child PCB exclusively
+        p.inner_exclusive_access().is_zombie() && (pid == -1 || pid as usize == p.getpid())
+        // ++++ release child PCB
+    });
     if let Some((idx, _)) = pair {
         let child = inner.children.remove(idx);
         // confirm that child will be deallocated after being removed from children list
diff --git a/os/src/task/context.rs b/os/src/task/context.rs
index d25cc2c8..e4f59d8a 100644
--- a/os/src/task/context.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/context.rs
@@ -23,4 +23,3 @@ impl TaskContext {
         }
     }
 }
-
diff --git a/os/src/task/manager.rs b/os/src/task/manager.rs
index 2e3708d7..542a0b87 100644
--- a/os/src/task/manager.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/manager.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use super::TaskControlBlock;
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use alloc::collections::VecDeque;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use lazy_static::*;
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ pub struct TaskManager {
 /// A simple FIFO scheduler.
 impl TaskManager {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { ready_queue: VecDeque::new(), }
+        Self {
+            ready_queue: VecDeque::new(),
+        }
     }
     pub fn add(&mut self, task: Arc<TaskControlBlock>) {
         self.ready_queue.push_back(task);
@@ -22,9 +24,8 @@ impl TaskManager {
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref TASK_MANAGER: UPSafeCell<TaskManager> = unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(TaskManager::new())
-    };
+    pub static ref TASK_MANAGER: UPSafeCell<TaskManager> =
+        unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(TaskManager::new()) };
 }
 
 pub fn add_task(task: Arc<TaskControlBlock>) {
@@ -33,4 +34,4 @@ pub fn add_task(task: Arc<TaskControlBlock>) {
 
 pub fn fetch_task() -> Option<Arc<TaskControlBlock>> {
     TASK_MANAGER.exclusive_access().fetch()
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/task/mod.rs b/os/src/task/mod.rs
index 81d6a09b..7dfcdbdc 100644
--- a/os/src/task/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/mod.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,23 @@
 mod context;
-mod switch;
-mod task;
 mod manager;
-mod processor;
 mod pid;
+mod processor;
+mod switch;
+mod task;
 
 use crate::fs::{open_file, OpenFlags};
-use switch::__switch;
-use task::{TaskControlBlock, TaskStatus};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use manager::fetch_task;
-use lazy_static::*;
 pub use context::TaskContext;
+use lazy_static::*;
+use manager::fetch_task;
+use switch::__switch;
+use task::{TaskControlBlock, TaskStatus};
 
+pub use manager::add_task;
+pub use pid::{pid_alloc, KernelStack, PidHandle};
 pub use processor::{
-    run_tasks,
-    current_task,
-    current_user_token,
-    current_trap_cx,
-    take_current_task,
-    schedule,
+    current_task, current_trap_cx, current_user_token, run_tasks, schedule, take_current_task,
 };
-pub use manager::add_task;
-pub use pid::{PidHandle, pid_alloc, KernelStack};
 
 pub fn suspend_current_and_run_next() {
     // There must be an application running.
diff --git a/os/src/task/pid.rs b/os/src/task/pid.rs
index 517cd1d4..f460f063 100644
--- a/os/src/task/pid.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/pid.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
+use crate::config::{KERNEL_STACK_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE, TRAMPOLINE};
+use crate::mm::{MapPermission, VirtAddr, KERNEL_SPACE};
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use lazy_static::*;
-use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
-use crate::mm::{KERNEL_SPACE, MapPermission, VirtAddr};
-use crate::config::{
-    PAGE_SIZE,
-    TRAMPOLINE,
-    KERNEL_STACK_SIZE,
-};
 
 struct PidAllocator {
     current: usize,
@@ -32,16 +28,16 @@ impl PidAllocator {
         assert!(pid < self.current);
         assert!(
             self.recycled.iter().find(|ppid| **ppid == pid).is_none(),
-            "pid {} has been deallocated!", pid
+            "pid {} has been deallocated!",
+            pid
         );
         self.recycled.push(pid);
     }
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
-    static ref PID_ALLOCATOR : UPSafeCell<PidAllocator> = unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(PidAllocator::new())
-    };
+    static ref PID_ALLOCATOR: UPSafeCell<PidAllocator> =
+        unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(PidAllocator::new()) };
 }
 
 pub struct PidHandle(pub usize);
@@ -72,23 +68,23 @@ impl KernelStack {
     pub fn new(pid_handle: &PidHandle) -> Self {
         let pid = pid_handle.0;
         let (kernel_stack_bottom, kernel_stack_top) = kernel_stack_position(pid);
-        KERNEL_SPACE
-            .exclusive_access()
-            .insert_framed_area(
-                kernel_stack_bottom.into(),
-                kernel_stack_top.into(),
-                MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
-            );
-        KernelStack {
-            pid: pid_handle.0,
-        }
+        KERNEL_SPACE.exclusive_access().insert_framed_area(
+            kernel_stack_bottom.into(),
+            kernel_stack_top.into(),
+            MapPermission::R | MapPermission::W,
+        );
+        KernelStack { pid: pid_handle.0 }
     }
     #[allow(unused)]
-    pub fn push_on_top<T>(&self, value: T) -> *mut T where
-        T: Sized, {
+    pub fn push_on_top<T>(&self, value: T) -> *mut T
+    where
+        T: Sized,
+    {
         let kernel_stack_top = self.get_top();
         let ptr_mut = (kernel_stack_top - core::mem::size_of::<T>()) as *mut T;
-        unsafe { *ptr_mut = value; }
+        unsafe {
+            *ptr_mut = value;
+        }
         ptr_mut
     }
     pub fn get_top(&self) -> usize {
@@ -105,4 +101,4 @@ impl Drop for KernelStack {
             .exclusive_access()
             .remove_area_with_start_vpn(kernel_stack_bottom_va.into());
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/task/processor.rs b/os/src/task/processor.rs
index a9f9db8c..6ad4534c 100644
--- a/os/src/task/processor.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/processor.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
+use super::__switch;
+use super::{fetch_task, TaskStatus};
 use super::{TaskContext, TaskControlBlock};
+use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
+use crate::trap::TrapContext;
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use lazy_static::*;
-use super::{fetch_task, TaskStatus};
-use super::__switch;
-use crate::trap::TrapContext;
-use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
 
 pub struct Processor {
     current: Option<Arc<TaskControlBlock>>,
@@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ impl Processor {
 }
 
 lazy_static! {
-    pub static ref PROCESSOR: UPSafeCell<Processor> = unsafe {
-        UPSafeCell::new(Processor::new())
-    };
+    pub static ref PROCESSOR: UPSafeCell<Processor> = unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(Processor::new()) };
 }
 
 pub fn run_tasks() {
@@ -50,10 +48,7 @@ pub fn run_tasks() {
             // release processor manually
             drop(processor);
             unsafe {
-                __switch(
-                    idle_task_cx_ptr,
-                    next_task_cx_ptr,
-                );
+                __switch(idle_task_cx_ptr, next_task_cx_ptr);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -74,7 +69,10 @@ pub fn current_user_token() -> usize {
 }
 
 pub fn current_trap_cx() -> &'static mut TrapContext {
-    current_task().unwrap().inner_exclusive_access().get_trap_cx()
+    current_task()
+        .unwrap()
+        .inner_exclusive_access()
+        .get_trap_cx()
 }
 
 pub fn schedule(switched_task_cx_ptr: *mut TaskContext) {
@@ -82,9 +80,6 @@ pub fn schedule(switched_task_cx_ptr: *mut TaskContext) {
     let idle_task_cx_ptr = processor.get_idle_task_cx_ptr();
     drop(processor);
     unsafe {
-        __switch(
-            switched_task_cx_ptr,
-            idle_task_cx_ptr,
-        );
+        __switch(switched_task_cx_ptr, idle_task_cx_ptr);
     }
 }
diff --git a/os/src/task/switch.rs b/os/src/task/switch.rs
index dd3a2d3e..59f8b1a0 100644
--- a/os/src/task/switch.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/switch.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,5 @@ use core::arch::global_asm;
 global_asm!(include_str!("switch.S"));
 
 extern "C" {
-    pub fn __switch(
-        current_task_cx_ptr: *mut TaskContext,
-        next_task_cx_ptr: *const TaskContext
-    );
+    pub fn __switch(current_task_cx_ptr: *mut TaskContext, next_task_cx_ptr: *const TaskContext);
 }
diff --git a/os/src/task/task.rs b/os/src/task/task.rs
index f46db719..b5b917dd 100644
--- a/os/src/task/task.rs
+++ b/os/src/task/task.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,14 @@
-use crate::mm::{
-    MemorySet,
-    PhysPageNum,
-    KERNEL_SPACE, 
-    VirtAddr,
-};
-use crate::trap::{TrapContext, trap_handler};
+use super::TaskContext;
+use super::{pid_alloc, KernelStack, PidHandle};
 use crate::config::TRAP_CONTEXT;
+use crate::fs::{File, Stdin, Stdout};
+use crate::mm::{MemorySet, PhysPageNum, VirtAddr, KERNEL_SPACE};
 use crate::sync::UPSafeCell;
-use core::cell::RefMut;
-use super::TaskContext;
-use super::{PidHandle, pid_alloc, KernelStack};
-use alloc::sync::{Weak, Arc};
+use crate::trap::{trap_handler, TrapContext};
+use alloc::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 use alloc::vec;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use crate::fs::{File, Stdin, Stdout};
+use core::cell::RefMut;
 
 pub struct TaskControlBlock {
     // immutable
@@ -49,8 +44,7 @@ impl TaskControlBlockInner {
         self.get_status() == TaskStatus::Zombie
     }
     pub fn alloc_fd(&mut self) -> usize {
-        if let Some(fd) = (0..self.fd_table.len())
-            .find(|fd| self.fd_table[*fd].is_none()) {
+        if let Some(fd) = (0..self.fd_table.len()).find(|fd| self.fd_table[*fd].is_none()) {
             fd
         } else {
             self.fd_table.push(None);
@@ -77,24 +71,26 @@ impl TaskControlBlock {
         let task_control_block = Self {
             pid: pid_handle,
             kernel_stack,
-            inner: unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(TaskControlBlockInner {
-                trap_cx_ppn,
-                base_size: user_sp,
-                task_cx: TaskContext::goto_trap_return(kernel_stack_top),
-                task_status: TaskStatus::Ready,
-                memory_set,
-                parent: None,
-                children: Vec::new(),
-                exit_code: 0,
-                fd_table: vec![
-                    // 0 -> stdin
-                    Some(Arc::new(Stdin)),
-                    // 1 -> stdout
-                    Some(Arc::new(Stdout)),
-                    // 2 -> stderr
-                    Some(Arc::new(Stdout)),
-                ],
-            })},
+            inner: unsafe {
+                UPSafeCell::new(TaskControlBlockInner {
+                    trap_cx_ppn,
+                    base_size: user_sp,
+                    task_cx: TaskContext::goto_trap_return(kernel_stack_top),
+                    task_status: TaskStatus::Ready,
+                    memory_set,
+                    parent: None,
+                    children: Vec::new(),
+                    exit_code: 0,
+                    fd_table: vec![
+                        // 0 -> stdin
+                        Some(Arc::new(Stdin)),
+                        // 1 -> stdout
+                        Some(Arc::new(Stdout)),
+                        // 2 -> stderr
+                        Some(Arc::new(Stdout)),
+                    ],
+                })
+            },
         };
         // prepare TrapContext in user space
         let trap_cx = task_control_block.inner_exclusive_access().get_trap_cx();
@@ -136,9 +132,7 @@ impl TaskControlBlock {
         // ---- hold parent PCB lock
         let mut parent_inner = self.inner_exclusive_access();
         // copy user space(include trap context)
-        let memory_set = MemorySet::from_existed_user(
-            &parent_inner.memory_set
-        );
+        let memory_set = MemorySet::from_existed_user(&parent_inner.memory_set);
         let trap_cx_ppn = memory_set
             .translate(VirtAddr::from(TRAP_CONTEXT).into())
             .unwrap()
@@ -159,17 +153,19 @@ impl TaskControlBlock {
         let task_control_block = Arc::new(TaskControlBlock {
             pid: pid_handle,
             kernel_stack,
-            inner: unsafe { UPSafeCell::new(TaskControlBlockInner {
-                trap_cx_ppn,
-                base_size: parent_inner.base_size,
-                task_cx: TaskContext::goto_trap_return(kernel_stack_top),
-                task_status: TaskStatus::Ready,
-                memory_set,
-                parent: Some(Arc::downgrade(self)),
-                children: Vec::new(),
-                exit_code: 0,
-                fd_table: new_fd_table,
-            })},
+            inner: unsafe {
+                UPSafeCell::new(TaskControlBlockInner {
+                    trap_cx_ppn,
+                    base_size: parent_inner.base_size,
+                    task_cx: TaskContext::goto_trap_return(kernel_stack_top),
+                    task_status: TaskStatus::Ready,
+                    memory_set,
+                    parent: Some(Arc::downgrade(self)),
+                    children: Vec::new(),
+                    exit_code: 0,
+                    fd_table: new_fd_table,
+                })
+            },
         });
         // add child
         parent_inner.children.push(task_control_block.clone());
@@ -185,7 +181,6 @@ impl TaskControlBlock {
     pub fn getpid(&self) -> usize {
         self.pid.0
     }
-
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
diff --git a/os/src/timer.rs b/os/src/timer.rs
index 92d50e3a..048aa3b7 100644
--- a/os/src/timer.rs
+++ b/os/src/timer.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use riscv::register::time;
-use crate::sbi::set_timer;
 use crate::config::CLOCK_FREQ;
+use crate::sbi::set_timer;
+use riscv::register::time;
 
 const TICKS_PER_SEC: usize = 100;
 const MSEC_PER_SEC: usize = 1000;
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ pub fn get_time_ms() -> usize {
 
 pub fn set_next_trigger() {
     set_timer(get_time() + CLOCK_FREQ / TICKS_PER_SEC);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/os/src/trap/context.rs b/os/src/trap/context.rs
index 16f81415..011b7fb7 100644
--- a/os/src/trap/context.rs
+++ b/os/src/trap/context.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use riscv::register::sstatus::{Sstatus, self, SPP};
+use riscv::register::sstatus::{self, Sstatus, SPP};
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ pub struct TrapContext {
 }
 
 impl TrapContext {
-    pub fn set_sp(&mut self, sp: usize) { self.x[2] = sp; }
+    pub fn set_sp(&mut self, sp: usize) {
+        self.x[2] = sp;
+    }
     pub fn app_init_context(
         entry: usize,
         sp: usize,
diff --git a/os/src/trap/mod.rs b/os/src/trap/mod.rs
index 66d403f7..4c9a1128 100644
--- a/os/src/trap/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/trap/mod.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,17 @@
 mod context;
 
-use riscv::register::{
-    mtvec::TrapMode,
-    stvec,
-    scause::{
-        self,
-        Trap,
-        Exception,
-        Interrupt,
-    },
-    stval,
-    sie,
-};
+use crate::config::{TRAMPOLINE, TRAP_CONTEXT};
 use crate::syscall::syscall;
 use crate::task::{
-    exit_current_and_run_next,
-    suspend_current_and_run_next,
-    current_user_token,
-    current_trap_cx,
+    current_trap_cx, current_user_token, exit_current_and_run_next, suspend_current_and_run_next,
 };
 use crate::timer::set_next_trigger;
-use crate::config::{TRAP_CONTEXT, TRAMPOLINE};
-use core::arch::{global_asm, asm};
+use core::arch::{asm, global_asm};
+use riscv::register::{
+    mtvec::TrapMode,
+    scause::{self, Exception, Interrupt, Trap},
+    sie, stval, stvec,
+};
 
 global_asm!(include_str!("trap.S"));
 
@@ -42,7 +32,9 @@ fn set_user_trap_entry() {
 }
 
 pub fn enable_timer_interrupt() {
-    unsafe { sie::set_stimer(); }
+    unsafe {
+        sie::set_stimer();
+    }
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
@@ -61,12 +53,12 @@ pub fn trap_handler() -> ! {
             cx = current_trap_cx();
             cx.x[10] = result as usize;
         }
-        Trap::Exception(Exception::StoreFault) |
-        Trap::Exception(Exception::StorePageFault) |
-        Trap::Exception(Exception::InstructionFault) |
-        Trap::Exception(Exception::InstructionPageFault) |
-        Trap::Exception(Exception::LoadFault) |
-        Trap::Exception(Exception::LoadPageFault) => {
+        Trap::Exception(Exception::StoreFault)
+        | Trap::Exception(Exception::StorePageFault)
+        | Trap::Exception(Exception::InstructionFault)
+        | Trap::Exception(Exception::InstructionPageFault)
+        | Trap::Exception(Exception::LoadFault)
+        | Trap::Exception(Exception::LoadPageFault) => {
             println!(
                 "[kernel] {:?} in application, bad addr = {:#x}, bad instruction = {:#x}, kernel killed it.",
                 scause.cause(),
@@ -86,7 +78,11 @@ pub fn trap_handler() -> ! {
             suspend_current_and_run_next();
         }
         _ => {
-            panic!("Unsupported trap {:?}, stval = {:#x}!", scause.cause(), stval);
+            panic!(
+                "Unsupported trap {:?}, stval = {:#x}!",
+                scause.cause(),
+                stval
+            );
         }
     }
     //println!("before trap_return");
diff --git a/user/src/bin/exit.rs b/user/src/bin/exit.rs
index 5bde550b..60510c90 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/exit.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/exit.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
-use user_lib::{fork, yield_, waitpid, exit, wait};
+use user_lib::{exit, fork, wait, waitpid, yield_};
 
 const MAGIC: i32 = -0x10384;
 
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     let pid = fork();
     if pid == 0 {
         println!("I am the child.");
-        for _ in 0..7 { yield_(); }
+        for _ in 0..7 {
+            yield_();
+        }
         exit(MAGIC);
     } else {
         println!("I am parent, fork a child pid {}", pid);
@@ -26,4 +28,3 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     println!("exit pass.");
     0
 }
-
diff --git a/user/src/bin/fantastic_text.rs b/user/src/bin/fantastic_text.rs
index bb51db30..a3402ff6 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/fantastic_text.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/fantastic_text.rs
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
         println!("{}", color_text!(text, i));
     }
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/filetest_simple.rs b/user/src/bin/filetest_simple.rs
index 60fda6aa..3406d551 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/filetest_simple.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/filetest_simple.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{
-    open,
-    close,
-    read,
-    write,
-    OpenFlags,
-};
+use user_lib::{close, open, read, write, OpenFlags};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub fn main() -> i32 {
@@ -29,10 +23,7 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     let read_len = read(fd, &mut buffer) as usize;
     close(fd);
 
-    assert_eq!(
-        test_str,
-        core::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..read_len]).unwrap(),
-    );
+    assert_eq!(test_str, core::str::from_utf8(&buffer[..read_len]).unwrap(),);
     println!("file_test passed!");
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/forktest.rs b/user/src/bin/forktest.rs
index a7d523a8..5374a56c 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/forktest.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/forktest.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{fork, wait, exit};
+use user_lib::{exit, fork, wait};
 
 const MAX_CHILD: usize = 30;
 
diff --git a/user/src/bin/forktest2.rs b/user/src/bin/forktest2.rs
index d08a4120..c91ce152 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/forktest2.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/forktest2.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{fork, wait, getpid, exit, sleep, get_time};
+use user_lib::{exit, fork, get_time, getpid, sleep, wait};
 
 static NUM: usize = 30;
 
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
         let pid = fork();
         if pid == 0 {
             let current_time = get_time();
-            let sleep_length = (current_time as i32 as isize) * (current_time as i32 as isize) % 1000 + 1000;
+            let sleep_length =
+                (current_time as i32 as isize) * (current_time as i32 as isize) % 1000 + 1000;
             println!("pid {} sleep for {} ms", getpid(), sleep_length);
             sleep(sleep_length as usize);
             println!("pid {} OK!", getpid());
@@ -30,4 +31,4 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     assert!(wait(&mut exit_code) < 0);
     println!("forktest2 test passed!");
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/forktest_simple.rs b/user/src/bin/forktest_simple.rs
index 821fba64..29a624b4 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/forktest_simple.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/forktest_simple.rs
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
         println!("child process pid = {}, exit code = {}", pid, exit_code);
         0
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/forktree.rs b/user/src/bin/forktree.rs
index 2debf6c5..bfcfc4ca 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/forktree.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/forktree.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{sleep, getpid, fork, exit, yield_};
+use user_lib::{exit, fork, getpid, sleep, yield_};
 
 const DEPTH: usize = 4;
 
diff --git a/user/src/bin/hello_world.rs b/user/src/bin/hello_world.rs
index de4a6a92..10d3f26c 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/hello_world.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/hello_world.rs
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ extern crate user_lib;
 pub fn main() -> i32 {
     println!("Hello world from user mode program!");
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/huge_write.rs b/user/src/bin/huge_write.rs
index b00ca17b..e93f8b8e 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/huge_write.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/huge_write.rs
@@ -4,19 +4,13 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{
-    OpenFlags,
-    open,
-    close,
-    write,
-    get_time,
-};
+use user_lib::{close, get_time, open, write, OpenFlags};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub fn main() -> i32 {
     let mut buffer = [0u8; 1024]; // 1KiB
-    for i in 0..buffer.len() {
-        buffer[i] = i as u8;
+    for (i, ch) in buffer.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *ch = i as u8;
     }
     let f = open("testf\0", OpenFlags::CREATE | OpenFlags::WRONLY);
     if f < 0 {
@@ -25,12 +19,15 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     let f = f as usize;
     let start = get_time();
     let size_mb = 1usize;
-    for _ in 0..1024*size_mb {
+    for _ in 0..1024 * size_mb {
         write(f, &buffer);
     }
     close(f);
     let time_ms = (get_time() - start) as usize;
     let speed_kbs = size_mb * 1000000 / time_ms;
-    println!("{}MiB written, time cost = {}ms, write speed = {}KiB/s", size_mb, time_ms, speed_kbs);
+    println!(
+        "{}MiB written, time cost = {}ms, write speed = {}KiB/s",
+        size_mb, time_ms, speed_kbs
+    );
     0
 }
diff --git a/user/src/bin/initproc.rs b/user/src/bin/initproc.rs
index a201fffb..71bed27e 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/initproc.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/initproc.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{
-    fork,
-    wait,
-    exec,
-    yield_,
-};
+use user_lib::{exec, fork, wait, yield_};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 fn main() -> i32 {
@@ -25,8 +20,7 @@ fn main() -> i32 {
             }
             println!(
                 "[initproc] Released a zombie process, pid={}, exit_code={}",
-                pid,
-                exit_code,
+                pid, exit_code,
             );
         }
     }
diff --git a/user/src/bin/matrix.rs b/user/src/bin/matrix.rs
index 8f1357ea..9ebf48f4 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/matrix.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/matrix.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{fork, wait, yield_, exit, getpid, get_time};
+use user_lib::{exit, fork, get_time, getpid, wait, yield_};
 
 static NUM: usize = 30;
 const N: usize = 10;
diff --git a/user/src/bin/run_pipe_test.rs b/user/src/bin/run_pipe_test.rs
index a62a98b7..447eeea9 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/run_pipe_test.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/run_pipe_test.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{fork, exec, wait};
+use user_lib::{exec, fork, wait};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub fn main() -> i32 {
diff --git a/user/src/bin/sleep.rs b/user/src/bin/sleep.rs
index 65283970..641a4f9d 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/sleep.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/sleep.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate user_lib;
 
-use user_lib::{sleep, exit, get_time, fork, waitpid};
+use user_lib::{exit, fork, get_time, sleep, waitpid};
 
 fn sleepy() {
     let time: usize = 100;
diff --git a/user/src/bin/sleep_simple.rs b/user/src/bin/sleep_simple.rs
index 4c058f87..7015a3d4 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/sleep_simple.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/sleep_simple.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     println!("current time_msec = {}", start);
     sleep(100);
     let end = get_time();
-    println!("time_msec = {} after sleeping 100 ticks, delta = {}ms!", end, end - start);
+    println!(
+        "time_msec = {} after sleeping 100 ticks, delta = {}ms!",
+        end,
+        end - start
+    );
     println!("r_sleep passed!");
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/stack_overflow.rs b/user/src/bin/stack_overflow.rs
index e0ea471d..5d365f5d 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/stack_overflow.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/stack_overflow.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 extern crate user_lib;
 
 fn f(d: usize) {
-    println!("d = {}",d);
+    println!("d = {}", d);
     f(d + 1);
 }
 
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     println!("It should trigger segmentation fault!");
     f(0);
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/bin/user_shell.rs b/user/src/bin/user_shell.rs
index f0858234..cdcb9721 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/user_shell.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/user_shell.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
+#![allow(clippy::println_empty_string)]
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
@@ -12,8 +13,8 @@ const DL: u8 = 0x7fu8;
 const BS: u8 = 0x08u8;
 
 use alloc::string::String;
-use user_lib::{fork, exec, waitpid};
 use user_lib::console::getchar;
+use user_lib::{exec, fork, waitpid};
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub fn main() -> i32 {
@@ -60,4 +61,3 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
         }
     }
 }
-
diff --git a/user/src/bin/usertests.rs b/user/src/bin/usertests.rs
index cf77f15c..62bc8388 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/usertests.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/usertests.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,10 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
             let mut exit_code: i32 = Default::default();
             let wait_pid = waitpid(pid as usize, &mut exit_code);
             assert_eq!(pid, wait_pid);
-            println!("\x1b[32mUsertests: Test {} in Process {} exited with code {}\x1b[0m", test, pid, exit_code);
+            println!(
+                "\x1b[32mUsertests: Test {} in Process {} exited with code {}\x1b[0m",
+                test, pid, exit_code
+            );
         }
     }
     println!("Usertests passed!");
diff --git a/user/src/bin/yield.rs b/user/src/bin/yield.rs
index 55032e40..78b1468c 100644
--- a/user/src/bin/yield.rs
+++ b/user/src/bin/yield.rs
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ pub fn main() -> i32 {
     }
     println!("yield pass.");
     0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/lang_items.rs b/user/src/lang_items.rs
index b5b98e08..c65aa421 100644
--- a/user/src/lang_items.rs
+++ b/user/src/lang_items.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@ use super::exit;
 fn panic_handler(panic_info: &core::panic::PanicInfo) -> ! {
     let err = panic_info.message().unwrap();
     if let Some(location) = panic_info.location() {
-        println!("Panicked at {}:{}, {}", location.file(), location.line(), err);
+        println!(
+            "Panicked at {}:{}, {}",
+            location.file(),
+            location.line(),
+            err
+        );
     } else {
         println!("Panicked: {}", err);
     }
     exit(-1);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/user/src/lib.rs b/user/src/lib.rs
index 9f409728..c3b2cb90 100644
--- a/user/src/lib.rs
+++ b/user/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@
 
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod console;
-mod syscall;
 mod lang_items;
+mod syscall;
 
 extern crate alloc;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate bitflags;
 
-use syscall::*;
 use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;
+use syscall::*;
 
 const USER_HEAP_SIZE: usize = 32768;
 
@@ -53,20 +53,42 @@ bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn open(path: &str, flags: OpenFlags) -> isize { sys_open(path, flags.bits) }
-pub fn close(fd: usize) -> isize { sys_close(fd) }
-pub fn read(fd: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) -> isize { sys_read(fd, buf) }
-pub fn write(fd: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> isize { sys_write(fd, buf) }
-pub fn exit(exit_code: i32) -> ! { sys_exit(exit_code); }
-pub fn yield_() -> isize { sys_yield() }
-pub fn get_time() -> isize { sys_get_time() }
-pub fn getpid() -> isize { sys_getpid() }
-pub fn fork() -> isize { sys_fork() }
-pub fn exec(path: &str) -> isize { sys_exec(path) }
+pub fn open(path: &str, flags: OpenFlags) -> isize {
+    sys_open(path, flags.bits)
+}
+pub fn close(fd: usize) -> isize {
+    sys_close(fd)
+}
+pub fn read(fd: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) -> isize {
+    sys_read(fd, buf)
+}
+pub fn write(fd: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> isize {
+    sys_write(fd, buf)
+}
+pub fn exit(exit_code: i32) -> ! {
+    sys_exit(exit_code);
+}
+pub fn yield_() -> isize {
+    sys_yield()
+}
+pub fn get_time() -> isize {
+    sys_get_time()
+}
+pub fn getpid() -> isize {
+    sys_getpid()
+}
+pub fn fork() -> isize {
+    sys_fork()
+}
+pub fn exec(path: &str) -> isize {
+    sys_exec(path)
+}
 pub fn wait(exit_code: &mut i32) -> isize {
     loop {
         match sys_waitpid(-1, exit_code as *mut _) {
-            -2 => { yield_(); }
+            -2 => {
+                yield_();
+            }
             // -1 or a real pid
             exit_pid => return exit_pid,
         }
@@ -76,7 +98,9 @@ pub fn wait(exit_code: &mut i32) -> isize {
 pub fn waitpid(pid: usize, exit_code: &mut i32) -> isize {
     loop {
         match sys_waitpid(pid as isize, exit_code as *mut _) {
-            -2 => { yield_(); }
+            -2 => {
+                yield_();
+            }
             // -1 or a real pid
             exit_pid => return exit_pid,
         }
diff --git a/user/src/syscall.rs b/user/src/syscall.rs
index 7bdf57f2..5423cce9 100644
--- a/user/src/syscall.rs
+++ b/user/src/syscall.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ pub fn sys_close(fd: usize) -> isize {
 }
 
 pub fn sys_read(fd: usize, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> isize {
-    syscall(SYSCALL_READ, [fd, buffer.as_mut_ptr() as usize, buffer.len()])
+    syscall(
+        SYSCALL_READ,
+        [fd, buffer.as_mut_ptr() as usize, buffer.len()],
+    )
 }
 
 pub fn sys_write(fd: usize, buffer: &[u8]) -> isize {