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# 第五章实验3进程管理
### 目录
- [5.1 实验3的基础知识](#fundamental)
- [5.1.1 多任务环境下进程的封装](#subsec_process_structure)
- [5.1.2 进程的换入与换出](#subsec_switch)
- [5.1.3 就绪进程的管理与调度](#subsec_management)
- [5.2 lab3_1 进程创建fork](#lab3_1_naive_fork)
- [给定应用](#lab3_1_app)
- [实验内容](#lab3_1_content)
- [实验指导](#lab3_1_guide)
- [5.3 lab3_2 进程yield](#lab3_2_yield)
- [给定应用](#lab3_2_app)
- [实验内容](#lab3_2_content)
- [实验指导](#lab3_2_guide)
- [5.4 lab3_3 循环轮转调度](#lab3_3_rrsched)
- [给定应用](#lab3_3_app)
- [实验内容](#lab3_3_content)
- [实验指导](#lab3_3_guide)
<a name="fundamental"></a>
## 5.1 实验3的基础知识
完成了实验1和实验2的读者应该对PKE实验中的“进程”不会太陌生。因为实际上我们从最开始的lab1_1开始就有了进程结构struct process只是在之前的实验中进程结构中最重要的成员是trapframe和kstack它们分别用来记录系统进入S模式前的进程上下文以及作为进入S模式后的操作系统栈。在实验3我们将进入多任务环境完成PKE实验环境下的进程创建、换入换出以及进程调度相关实验。
<a name="subsec_process_structure"></a>
### 5.1.1 多任务环境下进程的封装
实验3跟之前的两个实验最大的不同在于在实验3的3个基本实验中PKE操作系统将需要支持多个进程的执行。为了对多任务环境进行支撑PKE操作系统定义了一个“进程池”见kernel/process.c文件
```
34 process procs[NPROC];
```
实际上这个进程池就是一个包含NPROC=32见kernel/process.h文件个process结构的数组。
接下来PKE操作系统对进程的结构进行了扩充见kernel/process.h文件
```
53 // points to a page that contains mapped_regions
54 mapped_region *mapped_info;
55 // next free mapped region in mapped_info
56 int total_mapped_region;
57
58 // process id
59 uint64 pid;
60 // process status
61 int status;
62 // parent process
63 struct process *parent;
64 // next queue element
65 struct process *queue_next;
66
67 // accounting
68 int tick_count;
```
- 前两项mapped_info和total_mapped_region用于对进程的虚拟地址空间中的代码段、堆栈段等进行跟踪这些虚拟地址空间在进程创建fork将发挥重要作用。同时这也是lab3_1的内容。PKE将进程可能拥有的段分为以下几个类型
```
29 enum segment_type {
30 CODE_SEGMENT, // ELF segment
31 DATA_SEGMENT, // ELF segment
32 STACK_SEGMENT, // runtime segment
33 CONTEXT_SEGMENT, // trapframe segment
34 SYSTEM_SEGMENT, // system segment
35 };
```
其中CODE_SEGMENT表示该段是从可执行ELF文件中加载的代码段DATA_SEGMENT为从ELF文件中加载的数据段STACK_SEGMENT为进程自身的栈段CONTEXT_SEGMENT为保存进程上下文的trapframe所对应的段SYSTEM_SEGMENT为进程的系统段如所映射的异常处理段。
- pid是进程的ID号具有唯一性
- status记录了进程的状态PKE操作系统在实验3给进程规定了以下几种状态
```
20 enum proc_status {
21 FREE, // unused state
22 READY, // ready state
23 RUNNING, // currently running
24 BLOCKED, // waiting for something
25 ZOMBIE, // terminated but not reclaimed yet
26 };
```
其中FREE为自由态表示进程结构可用READY为就绪态即进程所需的资源都已准备好可以被调度执行RUNNING表示该进程处于正在运行的状态BLOCKED表示进程处于阻塞状态ZOMBIE表示进程处于“僵尸”状态进程的资源可以被释放和回收。
- parent用于记录进程的父进程
- queue_next用于将进程链接进各类队列比如就绪队列
- tick_count用于对进程进行记账即记录它的执行经历了多少次的timer事件将在lab3_3中实现循环轮转调度时使用。
<a name="subsec_switch"></a>
### 5.1.2 进程的启动与终止
PKE实验中创建一个进程需要先调用kernel/process.c文件中的alloc_process()函数:
```
88 process* alloc_process() {
89 // locate the first usable process structure
90 int i;
91
92 for( i=0; i<NPROC; i++ )
93 if( procs[i].status == FREE ) break;
94
95 if( i>=NPROC ){
96 panic( "cannot find any free process structure.\n" );
97 return 0;
98 }
99
100 // init proc[i]'s vm space
101 procs[i].trapframe = (trapframe *)alloc_page(); //trapframe, used to save context
102 memset(procs[i].trapframe, 0, sizeof(trapframe));
103
104 // page directory
105 procs[i].pagetable = (pagetable_t)alloc_page();
106 memset((void *)procs[i].pagetable, 0, PGSIZE);
107
108 procs[i].kstack = (uint64)alloc_page() + PGSIZE; //user kernel stack top
109 uint64 user_stack = (uint64)alloc_page(); //phisical address of user stack bottom
110 procs[i].trapframe->regs.sp = USER_STACK_TOP; //virtual address of user stack top
111
112 // allocates a page to record memory regions (segments)
113 procs[i].mapped_info = (mapped_region*)alloc_page();
114 memset( procs[i].mapped_info, 0, PGSIZE );
115
116 // map user stack in userspace
117 user_vm_map((pagetable_t)procs[i].pagetable, USER_STACK_TOP - PGSIZE, PGSIZE,
118 user_stack, prot_to_type(PROT_WRITE | PROT_READ, 1));
119 procs[i].mapped_info[0].va = USER_STACK_TOP - PGSIZE;
120 procs[i].mapped_info[0].npages = 1;
121 procs[i].mapped_info[0].seg_type = STACK_SEGMENT;
122
123 // map trapframe in user space (direct mapping as in kernel space).
124 user_vm_map((pagetable_t)procs[i].pagetable, (uint64)procs[i].trapframe, PGSIZE,
125 (uint64)procs[i].trapframe, prot_to_type(PROT_WRITE | PROT_READ, 0));
126 procs[i].mapped_info[1].va = (uint64)procs[i].trapframe;
127 procs[i].mapped_info[1].npages = 1;
128 procs[i].mapped_info[1].seg_type = CONTEXT_SEGMENT;
129
130 // map S-mode trap vector section in user space (direct mapping as in kernel space)
131 // we assume that the size of usertrap.S is smaller than a page.
132 user_vm_map((pagetable_t)procs[i].pagetable, (uint64)trap_sec_start, PGSIZE,
133 (uint64)trap_sec_start, prot_to_type(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, 0));
134 procs[i].mapped_info[2].va = (uint64)trap_sec_start;
135 procs[i].mapped_info[2].npages = 1;
136 procs[i].mapped_info[2].seg_type = SYSTEM_SEGMENT;
137
138 sprint("in alloc_proc. user frame 0x%lx, user stack 0x%lx, user kstack 0x%lx \n",
139 procs[i].trapframe, procs[i].trapframe->regs.sp, procs[i].kstack);
140
141 procs[i].total_mapped_region = 3;
142 // return after initialization.
143 return &procs[i];
144 }
```
通过以上代码可以发现alloc_process()函数除了找到一个空的进程结构外还为新创建的进程建立了KERN_BASE以上逻辑地址的映射这段代码在实验3之前位于kernel/kernel.c文件的load_user_program()函数中),并将映射信息保存到了进程结构中。
对于给定应用PKE将通过调用load_bincode_from_host_elf()函数载入给定应用对应的ELF文件的各个段。之后被调用的elf_load()函数在载入段后,将对被载入的段进行判断,以记录它们的虚地址映射:
```
62 elf_status elf_load(elf_ctx *ctx) {
63 elf_prog_header ph_addr;
64 int i, off;
65 // traverse the elf program segment headers
66 for (i = 0, off = ctx->ehdr.phoff; i < ctx->ehdr.phnum; i++, off += sizeof(ph_addr)) {
67 // read segment headers
68 if (elf_fpread(ctx, (void *)&ph_addr, sizeof(ph_addr), off) != sizeof(ph_addr)) return EL_EIO;
69
70 if (ph_addr.type != ELF_PROG_LOAD) continue;
71 if (ph_addr.memsz < ph_addr.filesz) return EL_ERR;
72 if (ph_addr.vaddr + ph_addr.memsz < ph_addr.vaddr) return EL_ERR;
73
74 // allocate memory before loading
75 void *dest = elf_alloccb(ctx, ph_addr.vaddr, ph_addr.vaddr, ph_addr.memsz);
76
77 // actual loading
78 if (elf_fpread(ctx, dest, ph_addr.memsz, ph_addr.off) != ph_addr.memsz)
79 return EL_EIO;
80
81 // record the vm region in proc->mapped_info
82 int j;
83 for( j=0; j<PGSIZE/sizeof(mapped_region); j++ )
84 if( (process*)(((elf_info*)(ctx->info))->p)->mapped_info[j].va == 0x0 ) break;
85
86 ((process*)(((elf_info*)(ctx->info))->p))->mapped_info[j].va = ph_addr.vaddr;
87 ((process*)(((elf_info*)(ctx->info))->p))->mapped_info[j].npages = 1;
88 if( ph_addr.flags == (SEGMENT_READABLE|SEGMENT_EXECUTABLE) ){
89 ((process*)(((elf_info*)(ctx->info))->p))->mapped_info[j].seg_type = CODE_SEGMENT;
90 sprint( "CODE_SEGMENT added at mapped info offset:%d\n", j );
91 }else if ( ph_addr.flags == (SEGMENT_READABLE|SEGMENT_WRITABLE) ){
92 ((process*)(((elf_info*)(ctx->info))->p))->mapped_info[j].seg_type = DATA_SEGMENT;
93 sprint( "DATA_SEGMENT added at mapped info offset:%d\n", j );
94 }else
95 panic( "unknown program segment encountered, segment flag:%d.\n", ph_addr.flags );
96
97 ((process*)(((elf_info*)(ctx->info))->p))->total_mapped_region ++;
98 }
99
100 return EL_OK;
101 }
```
以上代码段中第86--97行将对被载入的段的类型ph_addr.flags进行判断以确定它是代码段还是数据段。完成以上的虚地址空间到物理地址空间的映射后将形成用户进程的虚地址空间结构如[图4.5](chapter4_memory.md#user_vm_space)所示)。
接下来将通过switch_to()函数将所构造的进程投入执行:
```
42 void switch_to(process *proc) {
43 assert(proc);
44 current = proc;
45
46 write_csr(stvec, (uint64)smode_trap_vector);
47 // set up trapframe values that smode_trap_vector will need when
48 // the process next re-enters the kernel.
49 proc->trapframe->kernel_sp = proc->kstack; // process's kernel stack
50 proc->trapframe->kernel_satp = read_csr(satp); // kernel page table
51 proc->trapframe->kernel_trap = (uint64)smode_trap_handler;
52
53 // set up the registers that strap_vector.S's sret will use
54 // to get to user space.
55
56 // set S Previous Privilege mode to User.
57 unsigned long x = read_csr(sstatus);
58 x &= ~SSTATUS_SPP; // clear SPP to 0 for user mode
59 x |= SSTATUS_SPIE; // enable interrupts in user mode
60
61 write_csr(sstatus, x);
62
63 // set S Exception Program Counter to the saved user pc.
64 write_csr(sepc, proc->trapframe->epc);
65
66 //make user page table
67 uint64 user_satp = MAKE_SATP(proc->pagetable);
68
69 // switch to user mode with sret.
70 return_to_user(proc->trapframe, user_satp);
71 }
```
实际上,以上函数在[实验1](chapter3_traps.md)就有所涉及它的作用是将进程结构中的trapframe作为进程上下文恢复到RISC-V机器的通用寄存器中并最后调用sret指令通过return_to_user()函数)将进程投入执行。
不同于实验1和实验2实验3的exit系统调用不能够直接将系统shutdown因为一个进程的结束并不一定意味着系统中所有进程的完成。以下是实验3中exit系统调用的实现
```
34 ssize_t sys_user_exit(uint64 code) {
35 sprint("User exit with code:%d.\n", code);
36 // in lab3 now, we should reclaim the current process, and reschedule.
37 free_process( current );
38 schedule();
39 return 0;
40 }
```
可以看到如果某进程调用了exit()系统调用操作系统的处理方法是调用free_process()函数将当前进程也就是调用者进行“释放”然后转进程调度。其中free_process()函数的实现非常简单:
```
149 int free_process( process* proc ) {
150 // we set the status to ZOMBIE, but cannot destruct its vm space immediately.
151 // since proc can be current process, and its user kernel stack is currently in use!
152 // but for proxy kernel, it (memory leaking) may NOT be a really serious issue,
153 // as it is different from regular OS, which needs to run 7x24.
154 proc->status = ZOMBIE;
155
156 return 0;
157 }
```
可以看到,**free_process()函数仅是将进程设为ZOMBIE状态而不会将进程所占用的资源全部释放**这是因为free_process()函数的调用说明操作系统当前是在S模式下运行而按照PKE的设计思想S态的运行将使用当前进程的用户系统栈user kernel stack。此时如果将当前进程的内存空间进行释放将导致操作系统本身的崩溃。所以释放进程时PKE采用的是折衷的办法即只将其设置为僵尸ZOMBIE状态而不是立即将它所占用的资源进行释放。最后schedule()函数的调用,将选择系统中可能存在的其他处于就绪状态的进程投入运行,它的处理逻辑我们将在下一节讨论。
<a name="subsec_management"></a>
### 5.1.3 就绪进程的管理与调度
PKE的操作系统设计了一个非常简单的就绪队列管理因为实验3的基础实验并未涉及进程的阻塞所以未设计阻塞队列队列头在kernel/sched.c文件中定义
```
8 process* ready_queue_head = NULL;
```
将一个进程加入就绪队列可以调用insert_to_ready_queue()函数:
```
13 void insert_to_ready_queue( process* proc ) {
14 sprint( "going to insert process %d to ready queue.\n", proc->pid );
15 // if the queue is empty in the beginning
16 if( ready_queue_head == NULL ){
17 proc->status = READY;
18 proc->queue_next = NULL;
19 ready_queue_head = proc;
20 return;
21 }
22
23 // ready queue is not empty
24 process *p;
25 // browse the ready queue to see if proc is already in-queue
26 for( p=ready_queue_head; p->queue_next!=NULL; p=p->queue_next )
27 if( p == proc ) return; //already in queue
28
29 // p points to the last element of the ready queue
30 if( p==proc ) return;
31 p->queue_next = proc;
32 proc->status = READY;
33 proc->queue_next = NULL;
34
35 return;
36 }
```
该函数首先第16--21行处理ready_queue_head为空初始状态的情况如果就绪队列不为空则将进程加入到队尾第26--33行
PKE操作系统内核通过调用schedule()函数来完成进程的选择和换入:
```
45 void schedule() {
46 if ( !ready_queue_head ){
47 // by default, if there are no ready process, and all processes are in the status of
48 // FREE and ZOMBIE, we should shutdown the emulated RISC-V machine.
49 int should_shutdown = 1;
50
51 for( int i=0; i<NPROC; i++ )
52 if( (procs[i].status != FREE) && (procs[i].status != ZOMBIE) ){
53 should_shutdown = 0;
54 sprint( "ready queue empty, but process %d is not in free/zombie state:%d\n",
55 i, procs[i].status );
56 }
57
58 if( should_shutdown ){
59 sprint( "no more ready processes, system shutdown now.\n" );
60 shutdown( 0 );
61 }else{
62 panic( "Not handled: we should let system wait for unfinished processes.\n" );
63 }
64 }
65
66 current = ready_queue_head;
67 assert( current->status == READY );
68 ready_queue_head = ready_queue_head->queue_next;
69
70 current->status == RUNNING;
71 sprint( "going to schedule process %d to run.\n", current->pid );
72 switch_to( current );
73 }
```
可以看到schedule()函数首先判断就绪队列ready_queue_head是否为空对于为空的情况第46--64行schedule()函数将判断系统中所有的进程是否全部都处于被释放FREE状态或者僵尸ZOMBIE状态。如果是则启动关模拟RISC-V机程序否则应进入等待系统中进程结束的状态。但是由于实验3的基础实验并无可能进入这样的状态所以我们在这里调用了panic等后续实验有可能进入这种状态后再进一步处理。
对于就绪队列非空的情况第66--72行处理就简单得多只需要将就绪队列队首的进程换入执行即可。对于换入的过程需要注意的是要将被选中的进程从就绪队列中摘掉。
<a name="lab3_1_naive_fork"></a>
## 5.2 lab3_1 进程创建fork
<a name="lab3_1_app"></a>
#### **给定应用**
- user/app_naive_fork.c
```
1 /*
2 * Below is the given application for lab3_1.
3 * It forks a child process to run .
4 * Parent process will continue to run after child exits
5 * So it is a naive "fork". we will implement a better one in later lab.
6 *
7 */
8
9 #include "user/user_lib.h"
10 #include "util/types.h"
11
12 int main(void) {
13 uint64 pid = fork();
14 if (pid == 0) {
15 printu("Child: Hello world!\n");
16 } else {
17 printu("Parent: Hello world! child id %ld\n", pid);
18 }
19
20 exit(0);
21 }
```
以上程序
<a name="lab3_1_content"></a>
#### **实验内容**
<a name="lab3_1_guide"></a>
#### **实验指导**
<a name="lab3_2_yield"></a>
## 5.3 lab3_2 进程yield
<a name="lab3_2_app"></a>
#### **给定应用**
<a name="lab3_2_content"></a>
#### **实验内容**
<a name="lab3_2_guide"></a>
#### **实验指导**
<a name="lab3_3_rrsched"></a>
## 5.4 lab3_3 循环轮转调度
<a name="lab3_3_app"></a>
#### **给定应用**
<a name="lab3_3_content"></a>
#### **实验内容**
<a name="lab3_3_guide"></a>
#### **实验指导**