From 6b69f2836d2e6a79ef10a395331b44a7e37f4b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Zhiyuan Shao Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 14:56:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] add chapter4 --- chapter4.md | 122 ++++++++------------------------------------ pictures/fig4_1.png | Bin 0 -> 3691 bytes pictures/fig4_2.png | Bin 0 -> 13489 bytes 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-) create mode 100644 pictures/fig4_1.png create mode 100644 pictures/fig4_2.png diff --git a/chapter4.md b/chapter4.md index 1b351a3..87c23e5 100644 --- a/chapter4.md +++ b/chapter4.md @@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ Score: 20/20 其次，我们现在管理的可用内存是那一部分? 代理内核的本质也是一段程序，他本身是需要内存空间的，而这一段空间自然不能再被分配。除去内核本身占的空间，内核可支配的物理空间从0x80016000开始，大小在PKE设定为8M，2048个页面，故而供内核支配的的内存的范围为（first_free_page~first_free_paddr）。如下图所示。 +``` KERNTOP------->+---------------------------------+ 0x80816000 (first_free_paddr) | | @@ -166,22 +167,20 @@ kernel/user ​ | | first_free_paddr->+------------------------------------------------------+ 0x80816000 +``` 最后，我们来看物理内存分配的单位：操作系统中，物理页是物理内存分配的基本单位。一个物理页的大小是4KB，我们使用结构体Page来表示，其结构如图： +``` struct Page { - sint_t ref; - uint_t flags; - uint_t property; - list_entry_t page_link; - }; +``` l ref表示这样页被页表的引用记数 @@ -193,11 +192,11 @@ l page_link是维持空闲物理页链表的重要结构。 Page结构体对应着物理页，我们来看Page结构体同物理地址之间是如何转换的。首先，我们需要先了解一下物理地址。 -​ +fig4_1 -​ 图4.1 RISCV64 物理地址 +图4.1 RISCV64 物理地址 -总的来说，物理地址分为两部分，页号（PPN）+offset +总的来说，物理地址分为两部分：页号（PPN）和offset 页号可以理解为物理页的编码，而offset则为页内偏移量。现在考虑一下12位的offset对应的内存大小是多少呢？ @@ -207,7 +206,9 @@ Page结构体对应着物理页，我们来看Page结构体同物理地址之间 实际上在初始化空闲页链表之前，系统会定义一个Page结构体的数组，而链表的节点也正是来自于这些数组，这个数组的每一项代表着一个物理页，而且它们的数组下标就代表着每一项具体代表的是哪一个物理页，就如下图所示： - + fig4_2 + + @@ -217,65 +218,43 @@ Page结构体对应着物理页，我们来看Page结构体同物理地址之间 在PK的machine/minit.c中间中，便通过delegate_traps()，将部分中断及同步异常委托给S模式。（同学们可以查看具体是哪些中断及同步异常） +``` 43 // send S-mode interrupts and most exceptions straight to S-mode - 44 static void delegate_traps() - 45 { - 46 if (!supports_extension('S')) - 47 return; - 48 - 49 uintptr_t interrupts = MIP_SSIP | MIP_STIP | MIP_SEIP; - 50 uintptr_t exceptions = - 51 (1U << CAUSE_MISALIGNED_FETCH) | - 52 (1U << CAUSE_FETCH_PAGE_FAULT) | - 53 (1U << CAUSE_BREAKPOINT) | - 54 (1U << CAUSE_LOAD_PAGE_FAULT) | - 55 (1U << CAUSE_STORE_PAGE_FAULT) | - 56 (1U << CAUSE_USER_ECALL); - 57 - 58 write_csr(mideleg, interrupts); - 59 write_csr(medeleg, exceptions); - 60 assert(read_csr(mideleg) == interrupts); - 61 assert(read_csr(medeleg) == exceptions); - 62 } +``` ​ 这里介绍一下RISCV的中断委托机制，在默认的情况下，所有的异常都会被交由机器模式处理。但正如我们知道的那样，大部分的系统调用都是在S模式下处理的，因此RISCV提供了这一委托机制，可以选择性的将中断交由S模式处理，从而完全绕过M模式。 ​ 接下，我们继续看S模式下的中断处理。在pk目录下的pk.c文件中的boot_loader函数中将&trap_entry写入了stvec寄存器中，stvec保存着发生异常时处理器需要跳转到的地址，也就是说当中断发生，我们将跳转至trap_entry，现在我们继续跟踪trap_entry。trap_entry在pk目录下的entry.S中，其代码如下： +``` 60 trap_entry: - 61 csrrw sp, sscratch, sp - 62 bnez sp, 1f - 63 csrr sp, sscratch - 64 1:addi sp,sp,-320 - 65 save_tf - 66 move a0,sp - 67 jal handle_trap +``` ​ 在61行，交换了sp与sscratch的值，这里是为了根据sscratch的值判断该中断是来源于U模式还是S模式。 @@ -283,148 +262,87 @@ Page结构体对应着物理页，我们来看Page结构体同物理地址之间 ​ 接着在64,65行保存上下文，最后跳转至67行处理trap。handle_trap在pk目录下的handlers.c文件中，代码如下： +``` 112 void handle_trap(trapframe_t* tf) - 113 { - 114 if ((intptr_t)tf->cause < 0) - 115 return handle_interrupt(tf); - 116 - 117 typedef void (*trap_handler)(trapframe_t*); - 118 - 119 const static trap_handler trap_handlers[] = { - 120 [CAUSE_MISALIGNED_FETCH] = handle_misaligned_fetch, - 121 [CAUSE_FETCH_ACCESS] = handle_instruction_access_fault, - 122 [CAUSE_LOAD_ACCESS] = handle_load_access_fault, - 123 [CAUSE_STORE_ACCESS] = handle_store_access_fault, - 124 [CAUSE_FETCH_PAGE_FAULT] = handle_fault_fetch, - 125 [CAUSE_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION] = handle_illegal_instruction, - 126 [CAUSE_USER_ECALL] = handle_syscall, - 127 [CAUSE_BREAKPOINT] = handle_breakpoint, - 128 [CAUSE_MISALIGNED_LOAD] = handle_misaligned_load, - 129 [CAUSE_MISALIGNED_STORE] = handle_misaligned_store, - 130 [CAUSE_LOAD_PAGE_FAULT] = handle_fault_load, - 131 [CAUSE_STORE_PAGE_FAULT] = handle_fault_store, - 132 }; +``` ​ handle_trap函数中实现了S模式下各类中断的处理。可以看到，代码的126行就对应着系统调用的处理，handle_syscall的实现如下： +``` 100 static void handle_syscall(trapframe_t* tf) - 101 { - 102 tf->gpr[10] = do_syscall(tf->gpr[10], tf->gpr[11], tf->gpr[12], tf->gpr[13], - 103 tf->gpr[14], tf->gpr[15], tf->gpr[17]); - 104 tf->epc += 4; - 105 } +``` ​ 还记得我们在例3.1中是将中断号写入x17寄存器嘛？其对应的就是这里do_syscall的最后一个参数，我们跟踪进入do_syscall函数，其代码如下： +``` 313 long do_syscall(long a0, long a1, long a2, long a3, long a4, long a5, unsigned long n) - 314 { - 315 const static void* syscall_table[] = { - 316 // your code here: - 317 // add get_init_memsize syscall - 318 [SYS_init_memsize ] = sys_get_init_memsize, - 319 [SYS_exit] = sys_exit, - 320 [SYS_exit_group] = sys_exit, - 321 [SYS_read] = sys_read, - 322 [SYS_pread] = sys_pread, - 323 [SYS_write] = sys_write, - 324 [SYS_openat] = sys_openat, - 325 [SYS_close] = sys_close, - 326 [SYS_fstat] = sys_fstat, - 327 [SYS_lseek] = sys_lseek, - 328 [SYS_renameat] = sys_renameat, - 329 [SYS_mkdirat] = sys_mkdirat, - 330 [SYS_getcwd] = sys_getcwd, - 331 [SYS_brk] = sys_brk, - 332 [SYS_uname] = sys_uname, - 333 [SYS_prlimit64] = sys_stub_nosys, - 334 [SYS_rt_sigaction] = sys_rt_sigaction, - 335 [SYS_times] = sys_times, - 336 [SYS_writev] = sys_writev, - 337 [SYS_readlinkat] = sys_stub_nosys, - 338 [SYS_rt_sigprocmask] = sys_stub_success, - 339 [SYS_ioctl] = sys_stub_nosys, - 340 [SYS_getrusage] = sys_stub_nosys, - 341 [SYS_getrlimit] = sys_stub_nosys, - 342 [SYS_setrlimit] = sys_stub_nosys, - 343 [SYS_set_tid_address] = sys_stub_nosys, - 344 [SYS_set_robust_list] = sys_stub_nosys, - 345 }; - 346 - 347 syscall_t f = 0; - 348 - 349 if (n < ARRAY_SIZE(syscall_table)) - 350 f = syscall_table[n]; - 351 if (!f) - 352 panic("bad syscall #%ld!",n); - 353 - 354 return f(a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, n); - 355 } +``` ​ do_syscall中通过传入的系统调用号n，查询syscall_table得到对应的函数，并最终执行系统调用。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pictures/fig4_1.png b/pictures/fig4_1.png new file mode 100644 index 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