diff --git a/src/ir/IRBuilder.cpp b/src/ir/IRBuilder.cpp
index c30c48a..2999dde 100644
--- a/src/ir/IRBuilder.cpp
+++ b/src/ir/IRBuilder.cpp
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
 // - 提供创建各类指令的便捷接口，降低 IRGen 复杂度
 
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace ir {
 IRBuilder::IRBuilder(Context& ctx, BasicBlock* bb)
     : ctx_(ctx), insertBlock_(bb) {}
@@ -21,13 +24,15 @@ ConstantInt* IRBuilder::CreateConstInt(int v) {
 BinaryInst* IRBuilder::CreateBinary(Opcode op, Value* lhs, Value* rhs,
                                     const std::string& name) {
   if (!insertBlock_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder 未设置插入点");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder 未设置插入点"));
   }
   if (!lhs) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder::CreateBinary 缺少 lhs");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder::CreateBinary 缺少 lhs"));
   }
   if (!rhs) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder::CreateBinary 缺少 rhs");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder::CreateBinary 缺少 rhs"));
   }
   return insertBlock_->Append<BinaryInst>(op, lhs->type(), lhs, rhs, name);
 }
@@ -39,40 +44,44 @@ BinaryInst* IRBuilder::CreateAdd(Value* lhs, Value* rhs,
 
 AllocaInst* IRBuilder::CreateAllocaI32(const std::string& name) {
   if (!insertBlock_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder 未设置插入点");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder 未设置插入点"));
   }
   return insertBlock_->Append<AllocaInst>(ctx_.PtrInt32(), name);
 }
 
 LoadInst* IRBuilder::CreateLoad(Value* ptr, const std::string& name) {
   if (!insertBlock_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder 未设置插入点");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder 未设置插入点"));
   }
   if (!ptr) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder::CreateLoad 缺少 ptr");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder::CreateLoad 缺少 ptr"));
   }
   return insertBlock_->Append<LoadInst>(ctx_.Int32(), ptr, name);
 }
 
 StoreInst* IRBuilder::CreateStore(Value* val, Value* ptr) {
   if (!insertBlock_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder 未设置插入点");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder 未设置插入点"));
   }
   if (!val) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder::CreateStore 缺少 val");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder::CreateStore 缺少 val"));
   }
   if (!ptr) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder::CreateStore 缺少 ptr");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder::CreateStore 缺少 ptr"));
   }
   return insertBlock_->Append<StoreInst>(ctx_.Void(), val, ptr);
 }
 
 ReturnInst* IRBuilder::CreateRet(Value* v) {
   if (!insertBlock_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder 未设置插入点");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder 未设置插入点"));
   }
   if (!v) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IRBuilder::CreateRet 缺少返回值");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "IRBuilder::CreateRet 缺少返回值"));
   }
   return insertBlock_->Append<ReturnInst>(ctx_.Void(), v);
 }
diff --git a/src/ir/IRPrinter.cpp b/src/ir/IRPrinter.cpp
index 71b51f3..8709cf3 100644
--- a/src/ir/IRPrinter.cpp
+++ b/src/ir/IRPrinter.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace ir {
 
 static const char* TypeToString(const Type& ty) {
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ static const char* TypeToString(const Type& ty) {
     case Type::Kind::PtrInt32:
       return "i32*";
   }
-  throw std::runtime_error("未知类型");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "未知类型"));
 }
 
 static const char* OpcodeToString(Opcode op) {
diff --git a/src/ir/Instruction.cpp b/src/ir/Instruction.cpp
index e9cb5c4..7731425 100644
--- a/src/ir/Instruction.cpp
+++ b/src/ir/Instruction.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace ir {
 Instruction::Instruction(Opcode op, std::shared_ptr<Type> ty, std::string name)
     : Value(std::move(ty), std::move(name)), opcode_(op) {}
@@ -21,20 +23,20 @@ BinaryInst::BinaryInst(Opcode op, std::shared_ptr<Type> ty, Value* lhs,
                        Value* rhs, std::string name)
     : Instruction(op, std::move(ty), std::move(name)), lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs) {
   if (op != Opcode::Add) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("BinaryInst 当前只支持 Add");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "BinaryInst 当前只支持 Add"));
   }
   if (!lhs_ || !rhs_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("BinaryInst 缺少操作数");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "BinaryInst 缺少操作数"));
   }
   if (!type_ || !lhs_->type() || !rhs_->type()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("BinaryInst 缺少类型信息");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "BinaryInst 缺少类型信息"));
   }
   if (lhs_->type()->kind() != rhs_->type()->kind() ||
       type_->kind() != lhs_->type()->kind()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("BinaryInst 类型不匹配");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "BinaryInst 类型不匹配"));
   }
   if (!type_->IsInt32()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("BinaryInst 当前只支持 i32");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "BinaryInst 当前只支持 i32"));
   }
   if (lhs_) {
     lhs_->AddUser(this);
@@ -52,10 +54,10 @@ ReturnInst::ReturnInst(std::shared_ptr<Type> void_ty, Value* val)
     : Instruction(Opcode::Ret, std::move(void_ty), ""),
       value_(val) {
   if (!value_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("ReturnInst 缺少返回值");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "ReturnInst 缺少返回值"));
   }
   if (!type_ || !type_->IsVoid()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("ReturnInst 返回类型必须为 void");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "ReturnInst 返回类型必须为 void"));
   }
   value_->AddUser(this);
 }
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ Value* ReturnInst::value() const { return value_; }
 AllocaInst::AllocaInst(std::shared_ptr<Type> ptr_ty, std::string name)
     : Instruction(Opcode::Alloca, std::move(ptr_ty), std::move(name)) {
   if (!type_ || !type_->IsPtrInt32()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("AllocaInst 当前只支持 i32*");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "AllocaInst 当前只支持 i32*"));
   }
 }
 
@@ -73,13 +75,14 @@ LoadInst::LoadInst(std::shared_ptr<Type> val_ty, Value* ptr, std::string name)
     : Instruction(Opcode::Load, std::move(val_ty), std::move(name)),
       ptr_(ptr) {
   if (!ptr_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("LoadInst 缺少 ptr");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "LoadInst 缺少 ptr"));
   }
   if (!type_ || !type_->IsInt32()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("LoadInst 当前只支持加载 i32");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "LoadInst 当前只支持加载 i32"));
   }
   if (!ptr_->type() || !ptr_->type()->IsPtrInt32()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("LoadInst 当前只支持从 i32* 加载");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "LoadInst 当前只支持从 i32* 加载"));
   }
   ptr_->AddUser(this);
 }
@@ -91,19 +94,20 @@ StoreInst::StoreInst(std::shared_ptr<Type> void_ty, Value* val, Value* ptr)
       value_(val),
       ptr_(ptr) {
   if (!value_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("StoreInst 缺少 value");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "StoreInst 缺少 value"));
   }
   if (!ptr_) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("StoreInst 缺少 ptr");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "StoreInst 缺少 ptr"));
   }
   if (!type_ || !type_->IsVoid()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("StoreInst 返回类型必须为 void");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "StoreInst 返回类型必须为 void"));
   }
   if (!value_->type() || !value_->type()->IsInt32()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("StoreInst 当前只支持存储 i32");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("ir", "StoreInst 当前只支持存储 i32"));
   }
   if (!ptr_->type() || !ptr_->type()->IsPtrInt32()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("StoreInst 当前只支持写入 i32*");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("ir", "StoreInst 当前只支持写入 i32*"));
   }
   value_->AddUser(this);
   ptr_->AddUser(this);
diff --git a/src/mir/AsmPrinter.cpp b/src/mir/AsmPrinter.cpp
index 5a712ec..06083ef 100644
--- a/src/mir/AsmPrinter.cpp
+++ b/src/mir/AsmPrinter.cpp
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace mir {
 namespace {
 
 const FrameSlot& GetFrameSlot(const MachineFunction& function,
                               const Operand& operand) {
   if (operand.kind() != Operand::Kind::FrameIndex) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("期望 FrameIndex 操作数");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "期望 FrameIndex 操作数"));
   }
   return function.frame_slot(operand.frame_index());
 }
diff --git a/src/mir/MIRFunction.cpp b/src/mir/MIRFunction.cpp
index 0e0c4ec..f9c4de6 100644
--- a/src/mir/MIRFunction.cpp
+++ b/src/mir/MIRFunction.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace mir {
 
 MachineFunction::MachineFunction(std::string name)
@@ -16,14 +18,14 @@ int MachineFunction::CreateFrameIndex(int size) {
 
 FrameSlot& MachineFunction::frame_slot(int index) {
   if (index < 0 || index >= static_cast<int>(frame_slots_.size())) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("非法 FrameIndex");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "非法 FrameIndex"));
   }
   return frame_slots_[index];
 }
 
 const FrameSlot& MachineFunction::frame_slot(int index) const {
   if (index < 0 || index >= static_cast<int>(frame_slots_.size())) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("非法 FrameIndex");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "非法 FrameIndex"));
   }
   return frame_slots_[index];
 }
diff --git a/src/mir/Register.cpp b/src/mir/Register.cpp
index a60bcb2..7530470 100644
--- a/src/mir/Register.cpp
+++ b/src/mir/Register.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace mir {
 
 const char* PhysRegName(PhysReg reg) {
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ const char* PhysRegName(PhysReg reg) {
     case PhysReg::SP:
       return "sp";
   }
-  throw std::runtime_error("未知物理寄存器");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "未知物理寄存器"));
 }
 
 }  // namespace mir