diff --git a/src/irgen/IRGenDecl.cpp b/src/irgen/IRGenDecl.cpp
index 948c72f..931f023 100644
--- a/src/irgen/IRGenDecl.cpp
+++ b/src/irgen/IRGenDecl.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "SysYParser.h"
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 void IRGenImpl::GenBlock(SysYParser::BlockContext& block) {
   for (auto* item : block.blockItem()) {
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ bool IRGenImpl::GenBlockItem(SysYParser::BlockItemContext& item) {
   if (item.stmt()) {
     return GenStmt(*item.stmt());
   }
-  throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 暂不支持的 blockItem 类型");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "暂不支持的语句或声明"));
 }
 
 void IRGenImpl::GenDecl(SysYParser::DeclContext& decl) {
@@ -32,13 +33,13 @@ void IRGenImpl::GenDecl(SysYParser::DeclContext& decl) {
     GenVarDecl(*decl.varDecl());
     return;
   }
-  throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 暂不支持的声明类型");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "暂不支持的声明类型"));
 }
 
 void IRGenImpl::GenVarDecl(SysYParser::VarDeclContext& decl) {
   const std::string name = decl.Ident()->getText();
   if (locals_.find(name) != locals_.end()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 重复定义变量: " + name);
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "重复定义变量: " + name));
   }
   auto* slot = builder_.CreateAllocaI32(ir::DefaultContext().NextTemp());
   locals_[name] = slot;
diff --git a/src/irgen/IRGenDriver.cpp b/src/irgen/IRGenDriver.cpp
index 014b60a..0db686b 100644
--- a/src/irgen/IRGenDriver.cpp
+++ b/src/irgen/IRGenDriver.cpp
@@ -6,15 +6,16 @@
 #include "SysYParser.h"
 #include "antlr4-runtime.h"
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 std::unique_ptr<ir::Module> GenerateIR(antlr4::tree::ParseTree* tree) {
   if (!tree) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 语法树为空");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "语法树为空"));
   }
 
   auto* cu = dynamic_cast<SysYParser::CompUnitContext*>(tree);
   if (!cu) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 语法树根节点不是 compUnit");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "语法树根节点不是 compUnit"));
   }
 
   auto module = std::make_unique<ir::Module>();
diff --git a/src/irgen/IRGenExp.cpp b/src/irgen/IRGenExp.cpp
index e62ca91..62e13a9 100644
--- a/src/irgen/IRGenExp.cpp
+++ b/src/irgen/IRGenExp.cpp
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@
 
 #include "SysYParser.h"
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 ir::Value* IRGenImpl::GenExpr(SysYParser::ExpContext& expr) {
   if (!expr.addExp()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 非法表达式");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "非法表达式"));
   }
   return GenAddExpr(*expr.addExp());
 }
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ ir::Value* IRGenImpl::GenAddExpr(SysYParser::AddExpContext& add) {
   // 当前表达式层次仍是最小实现，直接贴合 addExp -> primary 的语法形状。
   const auto& terms = add.primary();
   if (terms.empty()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 空加法表达式");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "空加法表达式"));
   }
 
   ir::Value* acc = GenPrimary(*terms[0]);
@@ -36,12 +37,12 @@ ir::Value* IRGenImpl::GenPrimary(SysYParser::PrimaryContext& primary) {
     const std::string name = primary.Ident()->getText();
     auto it = locals_.find(name);
     if (it == locals_.end()) {
-      throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 变量未找到: " + name);
+      throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "变量未找到: " + name));
     }
     return builder_.CreateLoad(it->second, ir::DefaultContext().NextTemp());
   }
   if (primary.exp()) {
     return GenExpr(*primary.exp());
   }
-  throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 暂不支持的 primary 形式");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "暂不支持的表达式形式"));
 }
diff --git a/src/irgen/IRGenFunc.cpp b/src/irgen/IRGenFunc.cpp
index 4c0500a..a58086b 100644
--- a/src/irgen/IRGenFunc.cpp
+++ b/src/irgen/IRGenFunc.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "SysYParser.h"
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -11,8 +12,9 @@ void VerifyFunctionStructure(const ir::Function& func) {
   // 当前 IRGen 仍是单入口、顺序生成；这里在生成结束后补一层块终结校验。
   for (const auto& bb : func.blocks()) {
     if (!bb || !bb->HasTerminator()) {
-      throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 基本块未正确终结: " +
-                               (bb ? bb->name() : std::string("<null>")));
+      throw std::runtime_error(
+          FormatError("irgen", "基本块未正确终结: " +
+                                   (bb ? bb->name() : std::string("<null>"))));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -24,17 +26,17 @@ IRGenImpl::IRGenImpl(ir::Module& module)
 
 void IRGenImpl::Gen(SysYParser::CompUnitContext& cu) {
   if (!cu.funcDef()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 缺少 main 定义");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "缺少 main 定义"));
   }
   GenFuncDef(*cu.funcDef());
 }
 
 void IRGenImpl::GenFuncDef(SysYParser::FuncDefContext& func) {
   if (!func.block()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 函数体为空");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "函数体为空"));
   }
   if (!func.Ident()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 缺少函数名");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "缺少函数名"));
   }
 
   func_ = module_.CreateFunction(func.Ident()->getText(), ir::Type::Int32());
diff --git a/src/irgen/IRGenStmt.cpp b/src/irgen/IRGenStmt.cpp
index 9b63daa..67ce213 100644
--- a/src/irgen/IRGenStmt.cpp
+++ b/src/irgen/IRGenStmt.cpp
@@ -4,18 +4,19 @@
 
 #include "SysYParser.h"
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 bool IRGenImpl::GenStmt(SysYParser::StmtContext& stmt) {
   if (stmt.returnStmt()) {
     GenReturnStmt(*stmt.returnStmt());
     return true;
   }
-  throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] 暂不支持的语句类型");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "暂不支持的语句类型"));
 }
 
 void IRGenImpl::GenReturnStmt(SysYParser::ReturnStmtContext& ret) {
   if (!ret.exp()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[irgen] return 缺少表达式");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("irgen", "return 缺少表达式"));
   }
   ir::Value* v = GenExpr(*ret.exp());
   builder_.CreateRet(v);
diff --git a/src/main.cpp b/src/main.cpp
index fafc646..cbb4fc9 100644
--- a/src/main.cpp
+++ b/src/main.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 
     auto* comp_unit = dynamic_cast<SysYParser::CompUnitContext*>(antlr.tree);
     if (!comp_unit) {
-      throw std::runtime_error("[main] 语法树根节点不是 compUnit");
+      throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("main", "语法树根节点不是 compUnit"));
     }
     RunSema(*comp_unit);
 
diff --git a/src/mir/FrameLowering.cpp b/src/mir/FrameLowering.cpp
index e6ad9c9..bdf05fc 100644
--- a/src/mir/FrameLowering.cpp
+++ b/src/mir/FrameLowering.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace mir {
 namespace {
 
@@ -17,8 +19,7 @@ void RunFrameLowering(MachineFunction& function) {
   for (const auto& slot : function.frame_slots()) {
     cursor += slot.size;
     if (-cursor < -256) {
-      throw std::runtime_error(
-          "Lab3 MVP 后端暂不支持超过 64 个 i32 栈槽的函数");
+      throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "暂不支持过大的栈帧"));
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/mir/Lowering.cpp b/src/mir/Lowering.cpp
index 8b99276..636e6ea 100644
--- a/src/mir/Lowering.cpp
+++ b/src/mir/Lowering.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 #include "ir/IR.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 namespace mir {
 namespace {
@@ -20,8 +21,8 @@ void EmitValueToReg(const ir::Value* value, PhysReg target,
 
   auto it = slots.find(value);
   if (it == slots.end()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端找不到值对应的栈槽: " +
-                             value->name());
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("mir", "找不到值对应的栈槽: " + value->name()));
   }
 
   block.Append(Opcode::LoadStack,
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ void LowerInstruction(const ir::Instruction& inst, MachineFunction& function,
       auto& store = static_cast<const ir::StoreInst&>(inst);
       auto dst = slots.find(store.ptr());
       if (dst == slots.end()) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端要求 store 目标必须来自 alloca");
+        throw std::runtime_error(
+            FormatError("mir", "暂不支持对非栈变量地址进行写入"));
       }
       EmitValueToReg(store.value(), PhysReg::W8, slots, block);
       block.Append(Opcode::StoreStack,
@@ -52,7 +54,8 @@ void LowerInstruction(const ir::Instruction& inst, MachineFunction& function,
       auto& load = static_cast<const ir::LoadInst&>(inst);
       auto src = slots.find(load.ptr());
       if (src == slots.end()) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端要求 load 源必须来自 alloca");
+        throw std::runtime_error(
+            FormatError("mir", "暂不支持对非栈变量地址进行读取"));
       }
       int dst_slot = function.CreateFrameIndex();
       block.Append(Opcode::LoadStack,
@@ -83,10 +86,10 @@ void LowerInstruction(const ir::Instruction& inst, MachineFunction& function,
     }
     case ir::Opcode::Sub:
     case ir::Opcode::Mul:
-      throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端暂不支持 add 以外的二元运算");
+      throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "暂不支持该二元运算"));
   }
 
-  throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端遇到未知 IR 指令");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "暂不支持该 IR 指令"));
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -95,19 +98,19 @@ std::unique_ptr<MachineFunction> LowerToMIR(const ir::Module& module) {
   DefaultContext();
 
   if (module.functions().size() != 1) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端只支持单函数 main");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "暂不支持多个函数"));
   }
 
   const auto& func = *module.functions().front();
   if (func.name() != "main") {
-    throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端只支持 main 函数");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "暂不支持非 main 函数"));
   }
 
   auto machine_func = std::make_unique<MachineFunction>(func.name());
   ValueSlotMap slots;
   const auto* entry = func.entry();
   if (!entry) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("IR 函数缺少入口基本块");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "IR 函数缺少入口基本块"));
   }
 
   for (const auto& inst : entry->instructions()) {
diff --git a/src/mir/RegAlloc.cpp b/src/mir/RegAlloc.cpp
index e9f083f..9262af1 100644
--- a/src/mir/RegAlloc.cpp
+++ b/src/mir/RegAlloc.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 #include <stdexcept>
 
+#include "utils/Log.h"
+
 namespace mir {
 namespace {
 
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ void RunRegAlloc(MachineFunction& function) {
   for (const auto& inst : function.entry().instructions()) {
     for (const auto& operand : inst.operands()) {
       if (operand.kind() == Operand::Kind::Reg && !IsAllowedReg(operand.reg())) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("Lab3 MVP 后端发现未预着色的寄存器");
+        throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("mir", "寄存器分配失败"));
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/sem/Sema.cpp b/src/sem/Sema.cpp
index d64d9f0..cdc797d 100644
--- a/src/sem/Sema.cpp
+++ b/src/sem/Sema.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include "sem/SymbolTable.h"
+#include "utils/Log.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ void CheckPrimary(SysYParser::PrimaryContext& primary,
   if (primary.Ident()) {
     const std::string name = primary.Ident()->getText();
     if (!table.Contains(name)) {
-      throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 使用了未定义的变量: " + name);
+      throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "使用了未定义的变量: " + name));
     }
     return;
   }
@@ -28,12 +29,12 @@ void CheckPrimary(SysYParser::PrimaryContext& primary,
     return;
   }
 
-  throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 暂不支持的 primary 形式");
+  throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "暂不支持的表达式形式"));
 }
 
 void CheckExpr(SysYParser::ExpContext& exp, const SymbolTable& table) {
   if (!exp.addExp()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 非法表达式");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "非法表达式"));
   }
   const auto& terms = exp.addExp()->primary();
   for (auto* term : terms) {
@@ -46,10 +47,10 @@ void CheckExpr(SysYParser::ExpContext& exp, const SymbolTable& table) {
 void RunSema(SysYParser::CompUnitContext& comp_unit) {
   auto* func = comp_unit.funcDef();
   if (!func || !func->block()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 缺少 main 函数定义");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "缺少 main 函数定义"));
   }
   if (!func->Ident() || func->Ident()->getText() != "main") {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 入口函数必须命名为 main");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "入口函数必须命名为 main"));
   }
 
   SymbolTable table;
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ void RunSema(SysYParser::CompUnitContext& comp_unit) {
 
   const auto& items = func->block()->blockItem();
   if (items.empty()) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[sema] main 函数不能为空，且必须以 return 结束");
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        FormatError("sema", "main 函数不能为空，且必须以 return 结束"));
   }
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i) {
@@ -66,12 +68,13 @@ void RunSema(SysYParser::CompUnitContext& comp_unit) {
       continue;
     }
     if (seen_return) {
-      throw std::runtime_error("[sema] return 必须是 main 函数中的最后一条语句");
+      throw std::runtime_error(
+          FormatError("sema", "return 必须是 main 函数中的最后一条语句"));
     }
     if (auto* decl = item->decl() ? item->decl()->varDecl() : nullptr) {
       const std::string name = decl->Ident()->getText();
       if (table.Contains(name)) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 重复定义变量: " + name);
+        throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "重复定义变量: " + name));
       }
       if (decl->exp()) {
         CheckExpr(*decl->exp(), table);
@@ -84,14 +87,15 @@ void RunSema(SysYParser::CompUnitContext& comp_unit) {
       CheckExpr(*ret->exp(), table);
       seen_return = true;
       if (i + 1 != items.size()) {
-        throw std::runtime_error("[sema] return 必须是 main 函数中的最后一条语句");
+        throw std::runtime_error(
+            FormatError("sema", "return 必须是 main 函数中的最后一条语句"));
       }
       continue;
     }
-    throw std::runtime_error("[sema] 暂不支持的 blockItem 类型");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "暂不支持的语句或声明"));
   }
 
   if (!seen_return) {
-    throw std::runtime_error("[sema] main 函数必须包含 return 语句");
+    throw std::runtime_error(FormatError("sema", "main 函数必须包含 return 语句"));
   }
 }