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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong a
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<h1 id="包和-package"><a class="header" href="#包和-package">包和 Package</a></h1>
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<p>当读者按照章节顺序读到本章时，意味着你已经几乎具备了参与真实项目开发的能力。但是真实项目远比我们之前的 <code>cargo new</code> 的默认目录结构要复杂，好在，Rust 为我们提供了强大的包管理工具：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>项目(Package)</strong>：可以用来构建、测试和分享包</li>
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<li><strong>工作空间(WorkSpace)</strong>：对于大型项目，可以进一步将多个包联合在一起，组织成工作空间</li>
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<li><strong>包(Crate)</strong>：一个由多个模块组成的树形结构，可以作为三方库进行分发，也可以生成可执行文件进行运行</li>
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<li><strong>模块(Module)</strong>：可以一个文件多个模块，也可以一个文件一个模块，模块可以被认为是真实项目中的代码组织单元</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="定义"><a class="header" href="#定义">定义</a></h2>
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<p>其实项目 <code>Package</code> 和包 <code>Crate</code> 很容易被搞混，甚至在很多书中，这两者都是不分的，但是由于官方对此做了明确的区分，因此我们会在本章节中试图(挣扎着)理清这个概念。</p>
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<h4 id="包-crate"><a class="header" href="#包-crate">包 Crate</a></h4>
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<p>对于 Rust 而言，包是一个独立的可编译单元，它编译后会生成一个可执行文件或者一个库。</p>
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<p>一个包会将相关联的功能打包在一起，使得该功能可以很方便的在多个项目中分享。例如标准库中没有提供但是在三方库中提供的 <code>rand</code> 包，它提供了随机数生成的功能，我们只需要将该包通过 <code>use rand;</code> 引入到当前项目的作用域中，就可以在项目中使用 <code>rand</code> 的功能：<code>rand::XXX</code>。</p>
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<p>同一个包中不能有同名的类型，但是在不同包中就可以。例如，虽然 <code>rand</code> 包中，有一个 <code>Rng</code> 特征，可是我们依然可以在自己的项目中定义一个 <code>Rng</code>，前者通过 <code>rand::Rng</code> 访问，后者通过 <code>Rng</code> 访问，对于编译器而言，这两者的边界非常清晰，不会存在引用歧义。</p>
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<h2 id="项目-package"><a class="header" href="#项目-package">项目 Package</a></h2>
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<p>鉴于 Rust 团队标新立异的起名传统，以及包的名称被 <code>crate</code> 占用，库的名称被 <code>library</code> 占用，经过斟酌， 我们决定将 <code>Package</code> 翻译成项目，你也可以理解为工程、软件包。</p>
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<p>由于 <code>Package</code> 就是一个项目，因此它包含有独立的 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件，以及因为功能性被组织在一起的一个或多个包。一个 <code>Package</code> 只能包含<strong>一个</strong>库(library)类型的包，但是可以包含<strong>多个</strong>二进制可执行类型的包。</p>
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<h4 id="二进制-package"><a class="header" href="#二进制-package">二进制 Package</a></h4>
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<p>让我们来创建一个二进制 <code>Package</code>：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new my-project
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Created binary (application) `my-project` package
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$ ls my-project
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Cargo.toml
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src
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$ ls my-project/src
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main.rs
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</code></pre>
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<p>这里，Cargo 为我们创建了一个名称是 <code>my-project</code> 的 <code>Package</code>，同时在其中创建了 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件，可以看一下该文件，里面并没有提到 <code>src/main.rs</code> 作为程序的入口，原因是 Cargo 有一个惯例：<strong><code>src/main.rs</code> 是二进制包的根文件，该二进制包的包名跟所属 <code>Package</code> 相同，在这里都是 <code>my-project</code></strong>，所有的代码执行都从该文件中的 <code>fn main()</code> 函数开始。</p>
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<p>使用 <code>cargo run</code> 可以运行该项目，输出：<code>Hello, world!</code>。</p>
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<h4 id="库-package"><a class="header" href="#库-package">库 Package</a></h4>
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<p>再来创建一个库类型的 <code>Package</code>：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo new my-lib --lib
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Created library `my-lib` package
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$ ls my-lib
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Cargo.toml
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src
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$ ls my-lib/src
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lib.rs
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</code></pre>
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<p>首先，如果你试图运行 <code>my-lib</code>，会报错：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">$ cargo run
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error: a bin target must be available for `cargo run`
|
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</code></pre>
|
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<p>原因是库类型的 <code>Package</code> 只能作为三方库被其它项目引用，而不能独立运行，只有之前的二进制 <code>Package</code> 才可以运行。</p>
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<p>与 <code>src/main.rs</code> 一样，Cargo 知道，如果一个 <code>Package</code> 包含有 <code>src/lib.rs</code>，意味它包含有一个库类型的同名包 <code>my-lib</code>，该包的根文件是 <code>src/lib.rs</code>。</p>
|
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<h4 id="易混淆的-package-和包"><a class="header" href="#易混淆的-package-和包">易混淆的 Package 和包</a></h4>
|
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<p>看完上面，相信大家看出来为何 <code>Package</code> 和包容易被混淆了吧？因为你用 <code>cargo new</code> 创建的 <code>Package</code> 和它其中包含的包是同名的！</p>
|
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<p>不过，只要你牢记 <code>Package</code> 是一个项目工程，而包只是一个编译单元，基本上也就不会混淆这个两个概念了：<code>src/main.rs</code> 和 <code>src/lib.rs</code> 都是编译单元，因此它们都是包。</p>
|
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|
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|
<h4 id="典型的-package-结构"><a class="header" href="#典型的-package-结构">典型的 <code>Package</code> 结构</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>上面创建的 <code>Package</code> 中仅包含 <code>src/main.rs</code> 文件，意味着它仅包含一个二进制同名包 <code>my-project</code>。如果一个 <code>Package</code> 同时拥有 <code>src/main.rs</code> 和 <code>src/lib.rs</code>，那就意味着它包含两个包：库包和二进制包，这两个包名也都是 <code>my-project</code> —— 都与 <code>Package</code> 同名。</p>
|
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<p>一个真实项目中典型的 <code>Package</code>，会包含多个二进制包，这些包文件被放在 <code>src/bin</code> 目录下，每一个文件都是独立的二进制包，同时也会包含一个库包，该包只能存在一个 <code>src/lib.rs</code>：</p>
|
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<pre><code class="language-css">.
|
|
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|
|
|
├── Cargo.toml
|
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|
|
|
├── Cargo.lock
|
|
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|
|
|
├── src
|
|
|
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|
|
│ ├── main.rs
|
|
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|
|
│ ├── lib.rs
|
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|
|
│ └── bin
|
|
|
|
|
|
│ └── main1.rs
|
|
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|
|
|
│ └── main2.rs
|
|
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|
|
|
├── tests
|
|
|
|
|
|
│ └── some_integration_tests.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
├── benches
|
|
|
|
|
|
│ └── simple_bench.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── examples
|
|
|
|
|
|
└── simple_example.rs
|
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>唯一库包：<code>src/lib.rs</code></li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>默认二进制包：<code>src/main.rs</code>，编译后生成的可执行文件与 <code>Package</code> 同名</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>其余二进制包：<code>src/bin/main1.rs</code> 和 <code>src/bin/main2.rs</code>，它们会分别生成一个文件同名的二进制可执行文件</li>
|
|
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|
|
<li>集成测试文件：<code>tests</code> 目录下</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>基准性能测试 <code>benchmark</code> 文件：<code>benches</code> 目录下</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li>项目示例：<code>examples</code> 目录下</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>这种目录结构基本上是 Rust 的标准目录结构，在 <code>GitHub</code> 的大多数项目上，你都将看到它的身影。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>理解了包的概念，我们再来看看构成包的基本单元：模块。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="课后练习"><a class="header" href="#课后练习">课后练习</a></h2>
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<blockquote>
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|
|
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<p><a href="https://zh.practice.rs/crate-module/crate.html">Rust By Practice</a>，支持代码在线编辑和运行，并提供详细的<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/blob/master/solutions/crate-module/crate.md">习题解答</a>。</p>
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