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<main>
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<h1 id="使用-use-及受限可见性"><a class="header" href="#使用-use-及受限可见性">使用 use 及受限可见性</a></h1>
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<p>如果代码中,通篇都是 <code>crate::front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist</code> 这样的函数调用形式,我不知道有谁会喜欢,也许靠代码行数赚工资的人会很喜欢,但是强迫症肯定受不了,悲伤的是程序员大多都有强迫症。。。</p>
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<p>因此我们需要一个办法来简化这种使用方式,在 Rust 中,可以使用 <code>use</code> 关键字把路径提前引入到当前作用域中,随后的调用就可以省略该路径,极大地简化了代码。</p>
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<h2 id="基本引入方式"><a class="header" href="#基本引入方式">基本引入方式</a></h2>
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<p>在 Rust 中,引入模块中的项有两种方式:<a href="https://course.rs/basic/crate-module/module.html#%E7%94%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97">绝对路径和相对路径</a>,这两者在前面章节都有讲过,就不再赘述,先来看看使用绝对路径的引入方式。</p>
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<h4 id="绝对路径引入模块"><a class="header" href="#绝对路径引入模块">绝对路径引入模块</a></h4>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
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<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>mod front_of_house {
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pub mod hosting {
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pub fn add_to_waitlist() {}
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}
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}
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use crate::front_of_house::hosting;
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pub fn eat_at_restaurant() {
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hosting::add_to_waitlist();
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hosting::add_to_waitlist();
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hosting::add_to_waitlist();
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}
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<span class="boring">}
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</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>这里,我们使用 <code>use</code> 和绝对路径的方式,将 <code>hosting</code> 模块引入到当前作用域中,然后只需通过 <code>hosting::add_to_waitlist</code> 的方式,即可调用目标模块中的函数,相比 <code>crate::front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist()</code> 的方式要简单的多,那么还能更简单吗?</p>
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<h4 id="相对路径引入模块中的函数"><a class="header" href="#相对路径引入模块中的函数">相对路径引入模块中的函数</a></h4>
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<p>在下面代码中,我们不仅要使用相对路径进行引入,而且与上面引入 <code>hosting</code> 模块不同,直接引入该模块中的 <code>add_to_waitlist</code> 函数:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
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<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
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</span>mod front_of_house {
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pub mod hosting {
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pub fn add_to_waitlist() {}
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}
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}
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use front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist;
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pub fn eat_at_restaurant() {
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add_to_waitlist();
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add_to_waitlist();
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add_to_waitlist();
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}
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<span class="boring">}
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</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>很明显,三兄弟又变得更短了,不过,怎么觉得这句话怪怪的。。</p>
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<h4 id="引入模块还是函数"><a class="header" href="#引入模块还是函数">引入模块还是函数</a></h4>
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<p>从使用简洁性来说,引入函数自然是更甚一筹,但是在某些时候,引入模块会更好:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>需要引入同一个模块的多个函数</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>作用域中存在同名函数</li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>在以上两种情况中,使用 <code>use front_of_house::hosting;</code> 引入模块要比 <code>use front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist;</code> 引入函数更好。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>例如,如果想使用 <code>HashMap</code>,那么直接引入该结构体是比引入模块更好的选择,因为在 <code>collections</code> 模块中,我们只需要使用一个 <code>HashMap</code> 结构体:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::collections::HashMap;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut map = HashMap::new();
|
|
|
|
|
map.insert(1, 2);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>其实严格来说,对于引用方式并没有需要遵守的惯例,主要还是取决于你的喜好,不过我们建议:<strong>优先使用最细粒度(引入函数、结构体等)的引用方式,如果引起了某种麻烦(例如前面两种情况),再使用引入模块的方式</strong>。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="避免同名引用"><a class="header" href="#避免同名引用">避免同名引用</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>根据上一章节的内容,我们只要保证同一个模块中不存在同名项就行,模块之间、包之间的同名,谁管得着谁啊,话虽如此,一起看看,如果遇到同名的情况该如何处理。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="模块函数"><a class="header" href="#模块函数">模块::函数</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::fmt;
|
|
|
|
|
use std::io;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn function1() -> fmt::Result {
|
|
|
|
|
// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn function2() -> io::Result<()> {
|
|
|
|
|
// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>上面的例子给出了很好的解决方案,使用模块引入的方式,具体的 <code>Result</code> 通过 <code>模块::Result</code> 的方式进行调用。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>可以看出,避免同名冲突的关键,就是使用<strong>父模块的方式来调用</strong>,除此之外,还可以给予引入的项起一个别名。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="as-别名引用"><a class="header" href="#as-别名引用"><code>as</code> 别名引用</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对于同名冲突问题,还可以使用 <code>as</code> 关键字来解决,它可以赋予引入项一个全新的名称:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::fmt::Result;
|
|
|
|
|
use std::io::Result as IoResult;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn function1() -> Result {
|
|
|
|
|
// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn function2() -> IoResult<()> {
|
|
|
|
|
// --snip--
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>如上所示,首先通过 <code>use std::io::Result</code> 将 <code>Result</code> 引入到作用域,然后使用 <code>as</code> 给予它一个全新的名称 <code>IoResult</code>,这样就不会再产生冲突:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>Result</code> 代表 <code>std::fmt::Result</code></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>IoResult</code> 代表 <code>std:io::Result</code></li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="引入项再导出"><a class="header" href="#引入项再导出">引入项再导出</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>当外部的模块项 <code>A</code> 被引入到当前模块中时,它的可见性自动被设置为私有的,如果你希望允许其它外部代码引用我们的模块项 <code>A</code>,那么可以对它进行再导出:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>mod front_of_house {
|
|
|
|
|
pub mod hosting {
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn add_to_waitlist() {}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub use crate::front_of_house::hosting;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn eat_at_restaurant() {
|
|
|
|
|
hosting::add_to_waitlist();
|
|
|
|
|
hosting::add_to_waitlist();
|
|
|
|
|
hosting::add_to_waitlist();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>如上,使用 <code>pub use</code> 即可实现。这里 <code>use</code> 代表引入 <code>hosting</code> 模块到当前作用域,<code>pub</code> 表示将该引入的内容再度设置为可见。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>当你希望将内部的实现细节隐藏起来或者按照某个目的组织代码时,可以使用 <code>pub use</code> 再导出,例如统一使用一个模块来提供对外的 API,那该模块就可以引入其它模块中的 API,然后进行再导出,最终对于用户来说,所有的 API 都是由一个模块统一提供的。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="使用第三方包"><a class="header" href="#使用第三方包">使用第三方包</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>之前我们一直在引入标准库模块或者自定义模块,现在来引入下第三方包中的模块,关于如何引入外部依赖,我们在 <a href="https://course.rs/first-try/cargo.html#package-%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%AE%B5%E8%90%BD">Cargo 入门</a>中就有讲,这里直接给出操作步骤:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>修改 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 文件,在 <code>[dependencies]</code> 区域添加一行:<code>rand = "0.8.3"</code></li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>此时,如果你用的是 <code>VSCode</code> 和 <code>rust-analyzer</code> 插件,该插件会自动拉取该库,你可能需要等它完成后,再进行下一步(VSCode 左下角有提示)</li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>好了,此时,<code>rand</code> 包已经被我们添加到依赖中,下一步就是在代码中使用:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use rand::Rng;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
let secret_number = rand::thread_rng().gen_range(1..101);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>这里使用 <code>use</code> 引入了第三方包 <code>rand</code> 中的 <code>Rng</code> 特征,因为我们需要调用的 <code>gen_range</code> 方法定义在该特征中。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="cratesiolibrs"><a class="header" href="#cratesiolibrs">crates.io,lib.rs</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Rust 社区已经为我们贡献了大量高质量的第三方包,你可以在 <code>crates.io</code> 或者 <code>lib.rs</code> 中检索和使用,从目前来说查找包更推荐 <code>lib.rs</code>,搜索功能更强大,内容展示也更加合理,但是下载依赖包还是得用<code>crates.io</code>。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>你可以在网站上搜索 <code>rand</code> 包,看看它的文档使用方式是否和我们之前引入方式相一致:在网上找到想要的包,然后将你想要的包和版本信息写入到 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="使用--简化引入方式"><a class="header" href="#使用--简化引入方式">使用 <code>{}</code> 简化引入方式</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对于以下一行一行的引入方式:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::collections::HashMap;
|
|
|
|
|
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
|
|
|
|
|
use std::collections::HashSet;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
use std::cmp::Ordering;
|
|
|
|
|
use std::io;
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>可以使用 <code>{}</code> 来一起引入进来,在大型项目中,使用这种方式来引入,可以减少大量 <code>use</code> 的使用:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::collections::{HashMap,BTreeMap,HashSet};
|
|
|
|
|
use std::{cmp::Ordering, io};
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对于下面的同时引入模块和模块中的项:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::io;
|
|
|
|
|
use std::io::Write;
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>可以使用 <code>{}</code> 的方式进行简化:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::io::{self, Write};
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="self"><a class="header" href="#self">self</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>上面使用到了模块章节提到的 <code>self</code> 关键字,用来替代模块自身,结合上一节中的 <code>self</code>,可以得出它在模块中的两个用途:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>use self::xxx</code>,表示加载当前模块中的 <code>xxx</code>。此时 <code>self</code> 可省略</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>use xxx::{self, yyy}</code>,表示,加载当前路径下模块 <code>xxx</code> 本身,以及模块 <code>xxx</code> 下的 <code>yyy</code></li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="使用--引入模块下的所有项"><a class="header" href="#使用--引入模块下的所有项">使用 <code>*</code> 引入模块下的所有项</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>对于之前一行一行引入 <code>std::collections</code> 的方式,我们还可以使用</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>use std::collections::*;
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>以上这种方式来引入 <code>std::collections</code> 模块下的所有公共项,这些公共项自然包含了 <code>HashMap</code>,<code>HashSet</code> 等想手动引入的集合类型。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>当使用 <code>*</code> 来引入的时候要格外小心,因为你很难知道到底哪些被引入到了当前作用域中,有哪些会和你自己程序中的名称相冲突:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">use std::collections::*;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
struct HashMap;
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
let mut v = HashMap::new();
|
|
|
|
|
v.insert("a", 1);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>以上代码中,<code>std::collection::HashMap</code> 被 <code>*</code> 引入到当前作用域,但是由于存在另一个同名的结构体,因此 <code>HashMap::new</code> 根本不存在,因为对于编译器来说,本地同名类型的优先级更高。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>在实际项目中,这种引用方式往往用于快速写测试代码,它可以把所有东西一次性引入到 <code>tests</code> 模块中。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="受限的可见性"><a class="header" href="#受限的可见性">受限的可见性</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>在上一节中,我们学习了<a href="https://course.rs/basic/crate-module/module.html#%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E6%80%A7">可见性</a>这个概念,这也是模块体系中最为核心的概念,控制了模块中哪些内容可以被外部看见,但是在实际使用时,光被外面看到还不行,我们还想控制哪些人能看,这就是 Rust 提供的受限可见性。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>例如,在 Rust 中,包是一个模块树,我们可以通过 <code>pub(crate) item;</code> 这种方式来实现:<code>item</code> 虽然是对外可见的,但是只在当前包内可见,外部包无法引用到该 <code>item</code>。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>所以,如果我们想要让某一项可以在整个包中都可以被使用,那么有两种办法:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>在包根中定义一个非 <code>pub</code> 类型的 <code>X</code>(父模块的项对子模块都是可见的,因此包根中的项对模块树上的所有模块都可见)</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li>在子模块中定义一个 <code>pub</code> 类型的 <code>Y</code>,同时通过 <code>use</code> 将其引入到包根</li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>mod a {
|
|
|
|
|
pub mod b {
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn c() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{:?}",crate::X);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[derive(Debug)]
|
|
|
|
|
pub struct Y;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[derive(Debug)]
|
|
|
|
|
struct X;
|
|
|
|
|
use a::b::Y;
|
|
|
|
|
fn d() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("{:?}",Y);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>以上代码充分说明了之前两种办法的使用方式,但是有时我们会遇到这两种方法都不太好用的时候。例如希望对于某些特定的模块可见,但是对于其他模块又不可见:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>// 目标:`a` 导出 `I`、`bar` and `foo`,其他的不导出
|
|
|
|
|
pub mod a {
|
|
|
|
|
pub const I: i32 = 3;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn semisecret(x: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
use self::b::c::J;
|
|
|
|
|
x + J
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn bar(z: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
semisecret(I) * z
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn foo(y: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
semisecret(I) + y
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mod b {
|
|
|
|
|
mod c {
|
|
|
|
|
const J: i32 = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>这段代码会报错,因为与父模块中的项对子模块可见相反,子模块中的项对父模块是不可见的。这里 <code>semisecret</code> 方法中,<code>a</code> -> <code>b</code> -> <code>c</code> 形成了父子模块链,那 <code>c</code> 中的 <code>J</code> 自然对 <code>a</code> 模块不可见。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>如果使用之前的可见性方式,那么想保持 <code>J</code> 私有,同时让 <code>a</code> 继续使用 <code>semisecret</code> 函数的办法是将该函数移动到 <code>c</code> 模块中,然后用 <code>pub use</code> 将 <code>semisecret</code> 函数进行再导出:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>pub mod a {
|
|
|
|
|
pub const I: i32 = 3;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
use self::b::semisecret;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn bar(z: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
semisecret(I) * z
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn foo(y: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
semisecret(I) + y
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mod b {
|
|
|
|
|
pub use self::c::semisecret;
|
|
|
|
|
mod c {
|
|
|
|
|
const J: i32 = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn semisecret(x: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
x + J
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>这段代码说实话问题不大,但是有些破坏了我们之前的逻辑,如果想保持代码逻辑,同时又只让 <code>J</code> 在 <code>a</code> 内可见该怎么办?</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
|
|
|
|
|
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
</span>pub mod a {
|
|
|
|
|
pub const I: i32 = 3;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn semisecret(x: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
use self::b::c::J;
|
|
|
|
|
x + J
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn bar(z: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
semisecret(I) * z
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn foo(y: i32) -> i32 {
|
|
|
|
|
semisecret(I) + y
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mod b {
|
|
|
|
|
pub(in crate::a) mod c {
|
|
|
|
|
pub(in crate::a) const J: i32 = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
|
|
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>通过 <code>pub(in crate::a)</code> 的方式,我们指定了模块 <code>c</code> 和常量 <code>J</code> 的可见范围都只是 <code>a</code> 模块中,<code>a</code> 之外的模块是完全访问不到它们的。</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="限制可见性语法"><a class="header" href="#限制可见性语法">限制可见性语法</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
<p><code>pub(crate)</code> 或 <code>pub(in crate::a)</code> 就是限制可见性语法,前者是限制在整个包内可见,后者是通过绝对路径,限制在包内的某个模块内可见,总结一下:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>pub</code> 意味着可见性无任何限制</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>pub(crate)</code> 表示在当前包可见</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>pub(self)</code> 在当前模块可见</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>pub(super)</code> 在父模块可见</li>
|
|
|
|
|
<li><code>pub(in <path>)</code> 表示在某个路径代表的模块中可见,其中 <code>path</code> 必须是父模块或者祖先模块</li>
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="一个综合例子"><a class="header" href="#一个综合例子">一个综合例子</a></h4>
|
|
|
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">// 一个名为 `my_mod` 的模块
|
|
|
|
|
mod my_mod {
|
|
|
|
|
// 模块中的项默认具有私有的可见性
|
|
|
|
|
fn private_function() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::private_function()`");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用 `pub` 修饰语来改变默认可见性。
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn function() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::function()`");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 在同一模块中,项可以访问其它项,即使它是私有的。
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn indirect_access() {
|
|
|
|
|
print!("called `my_mod::indirect_access()`, that\n> ");
|
|
|
|
|
private_function();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 模块也可以嵌套
|
|
|
|
|
pub mod nested {
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn function() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::nested::function()`");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
|
|
|
|
fn private_function() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::nested::private_function()`");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用 `pub(in path)` 语法定义的函数只在给定的路径中可见。
|
|
|
|
|
// `path` 必须是父模块(parent module)或祖先模块(ancestor module)
|
|
|
|
|
pub(in crate::my_mod) fn public_function_in_my_mod() {
|
|
|
|
|
print!("called `my_mod::nested::public_function_in_my_mod()`, that\n > ");
|
|
|
|
|
public_function_in_nested()
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用 `pub(self)` 语法定义的函数则只在当前模块中可见。
|
|
|
|
|
pub(self) fn public_function_in_nested() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::nested::public_function_in_nested");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用 `pub(super)` 语法定义的函数只在父模块中可见。
|
|
|
|
|
pub(super) fn public_function_in_super_mod() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called my_mod::nested::public_function_in_super_mod");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn call_public_function_in_my_mod() {
|
|
|
|
|
print!("called `my_mod::call_public_funcion_in_my_mod()`, that\n> ");
|
|
|
|
|
nested::public_function_in_my_mod();
|
|
|
|
|
print!("> ");
|
|
|
|
|
nested::public_function_in_super_mod();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// `pub(crate)` 使得函数只在当前包中可见
|
|
|
|
|
pub(crate) fn public_function_in_crate() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::public_function_in_crate()");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 嵌套模块的可见性遵循相同的规则
|
|
|
|
|
mod private_nested {
|
|
|
|
|
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
|
|
|
|
pub fn function() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `my_mod::private_nested::function()`");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn function() {
|
|
|
|
|
println!("called `function()`");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fn main() {
|
|
|
|
|
// 模块机制消除了相同名字的项之间的歧义。
|
|
|
|
|
function();
|
|
|
|
|
my_mod::function();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 公有项,包括嵌套模块内的,都可以在父模块外部访问。
|
|
|
|
|
my_mod::indirect_access();
|
|
|
|
|
my_mod::nested::function();
|
|
|
|
|
my_mod::call_public_function_in_my_mod();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// pub(crate) 项可以在同一个 crate 中的任何地方访问
|
|
|
|
|
my_mod::public_function_in_crate();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// pub(in path) 项只能在指定的模块中访问
|
|
|
|
|
// 报错!函数 `public_function_in_my_mod` 是私有的
|
|
|
|
|
//my_mod::nested::public_function_in_my_mod();
|
|
|
|
|
// 试一试 ^ 取消该行的注释
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 模块的私有项不能直接访问,即便它是嵌套在公有模块内部的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 报错!`private_function` 是私有的
|
|
|
|
|
//my_mod::private_function();
|
|
|
|
|
// 试一试 ^ 取消此行注释
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 报错!`private_function` 是私有的
|
|
|
|
|
//my_mod::nested::private_function();
|
|
|
|
|
// 试一试 ^ 取消此行的注释
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 报错! `private_nested` 是私有的
|
|
|
|
|
//my_mod::private_nested::function();
|
|
|
|
|
// 试一试 ^ 取消此行的注释
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
</code></pre></pre>
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="课后练习"><a class="header" href="#课后练习">课后练习</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
<p><a href="https://zh.practice.rs/crate-module/use-pub.html">Rust By Practice</a>,支持代码在线编辑和运行,并提供详细的<a href="https://github.com/sunface/rust-by-practice/blob/master/solutions/crate-module/use-pub.md">习题解答</a>。</p>
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