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330 lines
59 KiB
330 lines
59 KiB
2 years ago
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidde
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<h1 id="失效的可变性"><a class="header" href="#失效的可变性">失效的可变性</a></h1>
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<p>众所周知 Rust 是一门安全性非常强的系统级语言，其中，显式的设置变量可变性，是安全性的重要组成部分。按理来说，变量可变不可变在设置时就已经决定了，但是你遇到过可变变量在某些情况失效，变成不可变吗？</p>
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<p>先来看段正确的代码：</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
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struct A {
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f1: u32,
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f2: u32,
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f3: u32
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}
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct B<'a> {
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f1: u32,
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a: &'a mut A,
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}
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fn main() {
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let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
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// b不可变
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let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
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// 但是b中的字段a可以变
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b.a.f1 += 1;
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println!("b is {:?} ", &b);
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>在这里，虽然变量<code>b</code>被设置为不可变，但是<code>b</code>的其中一个字段<code>a</code>被设置为可变的结构体，因此我们可以通过<code>b.a.f1 += 1</code>来修改<code>a</code>的值。</p>
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<p>也许有人还不知道这种部分可变性的存在，不过没关系，因为马上就不可变了：)</p>
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<ul>
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<li>结构体可变时，里面的字段都是可变的，例如<code>&mut a</code></li>
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<li>结构体不可变时，里面的某个字段可以单独设置为可变，例如<code>b.a</code></li>
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</ul>
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<p>在理解了上面两条简单规则后，来看看下面这段代码:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
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struct A {
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f1: u32,
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f2: u32,
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f3: u32
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}
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#[derive(Debug)]
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struct B<'a> {
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f1: u32,
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a: &'a mut A,
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}
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impl B<'_> {
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// this will not work
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pub fn changeme(&self) {
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self.a.f1 += 1;
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}
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}
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fn main() {
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let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
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// b is immutable
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let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
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b.changeme();
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println!("b is {:?} ", &b);
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}
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</code></pre></pre>
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<p>这段代码，仅仅做了一个小改变，不再直接修改<code>b.a</code>，而是通过调用<code>b</code>上的方法去修改其中的<code>a</code>，按理说不会有任何区别。因此我预言：通过方法调用跟直接调用不应该有任何区别，运行验证下：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-console">error[E0594]: cannot assign to `self.a.f1`, which is behind a `&` reference
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--> src/main.rs:18:9
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17 | pub fn changeme(&self) {
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| ----- help: consider changing this to be a mutable reference: `&mut self`
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18 | self.a.f1 += 1;
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| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ `self` is a `&` reference, so the data it refers to cannot be written
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</code></pre>
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<p>啪，又被打脸了。我说我是大意了，没有闪，大家信不？反正马先生应该是信的:D</p>
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<h2 id="简单分析"><a class="header" href="#简单分析">简单分析</a></h2>
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<p>观察第一个例子，我们调用的<code>b.a</code>实际上是用<code>b</code>的值直接调用的，在这种情况下，由于所有权规则，编译器可以认定，只有一个可变引用指向了<code>a</code>，因此这种使用是非常安全的。</p>
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<p>但是，在第二个例子中，<code>b</code>被藏在了<code>&</code>后面，根据所有权规则，同时可能存在多个<code>b</code>的借用，那么就意味着可能会存在多个可变引用指向<code>a</code>,因此编译器就拒绝了这段代码。</p>
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<p>事实上如果你将第一段代码的调用改成:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
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<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span>let b: &B = &B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
|
||
|
|
b.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
|
<span class="boring">}
|
||
|
|
</span></code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>一样会报错！</p>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="一个练习"><a class="header" href="#一个练习">一个练习</a></h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>结束之前再来一个练习，稍微有点绕，大家品味品味：</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
|
struct A {
|
||
|
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
|
f2: u32,
|
||
|
|
f3: u32
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||
|
|
struct B<'a> {
|
||
|
|
f1: u32,
|
||
|
|
a: &'a mut A,
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
fn main() {
|
||
|
|
let mut a: A = A{ f1: 0, f2: 1, f3: 2 };
|
||
|
|
let b: B = B{ f1: 3, a: &mut a };
|
||
|
|
b.a.f1 += 1;
|
||
|
|
a.f1 = 10;
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
println!("b is {:?} ", &b);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</code></pre></pre>
|
||
|
|
<p>小提示：这里<code>b.a.f1 += 1</code>和<code>a.f1 = 10</code>只能有一个存在，否则就会报错。</p>
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="总结"><a class="header" href="#总结">总结</a></h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>根据之前的观察和上面的小提示，可以得出一个结论：<strong>可变性的真正含义是你对目标对象的独占修改权</strong>。在实际项目中，偶尔会遇到比上述代码更复杂的可变性情况，记住这个结论，有助于我们拨云见日，直达本质。</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>学习，就是不断接近和认识事物本质的过程，对于 Rust 语言的学习亦是如此。</p>
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