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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 模式匹配</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/match-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> match 和 if let</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> 解构 Option</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/pattern-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.3.</strong> 模式适用场景</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.4.</strong> 全模式列表</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 方法 Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型和特征</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.1.</strong> 泛型 Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.2.</strong> 特征 Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.3.</strong> 特征对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/trait/advance-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.4.</strong> 进一步深入特征</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/collections/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/collections/vector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.1.</strong> 动态数组 Vector</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/collections/hashmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.2.</strong> KV 存储 HashMap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 认识生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/result-error/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 返回值和错误处理</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/result-error/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.1.</strong> panic! 深入剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/result-error/result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.2.</strong> 返回值 Result 和?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 包和模块</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/crate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.1.</strong> 包 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.2.</strong> 模块 Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/crate-module/use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.3.</strong> 使用 use 引入模块及受限可见性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/comment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 注释和文档</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic/formatted-output.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 格式化输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 入门实战：文件搜索工具</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/base-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 基本功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/refactoring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 增加模块化和错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 测试驱动开发</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/envs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 使用环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/stderr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 重定向错误信息的输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../basic-practice/iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 使用迭代器来改进程序(可选)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言进阶学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust 高级进阶</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/lifetime/advance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> 深入生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/lifetime/static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> &amp;'static 和 T: 'static</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/functional-programing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 函数式编程: 闭包、迭代器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/functional-programing/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> 闭包 Closure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/functional-programing/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> 迭代器 Iterator</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 深入类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/converse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> 类型转换</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/custom-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.2.</strong> newtype 和 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/sized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.3.</strong> Sized 和不定长类型 DST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/into-types/enum-int.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.4.</strong> 枚举和整数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 智能指针</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.1.</strong> Box堆对象分配</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.2.</strong> Deref 解引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.3.</strong> Drop 释放资源</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/rc-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.4.</strong> Rc 与 Arc 实现 1vN 所有权机制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/smart-pointer/cell-refcell.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.5.</strong> Cell 与 RefCell 内部可变性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/circle-self-ref/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> 循环引用与自引用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/circle-self-ref/circle-reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.1.</strong> Weak 与循环引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/circle-self-ref/self-referential.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.2.</strong> 结构体中的自引用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 多线程并发编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/concurrency-parallelism.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.1.</strong> 并发和并行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/thread.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.2.</strong> 使用多线程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.3.</strong> 线程同步：消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.4.</strong> 线程同步：锁、Condvar 和信号量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.5.</strong> 线程同步：Atomic 原子操作与内存顺序</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/concurrency-with-threads/send-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.6.</strong> 基于 Send 和 Sync 的线程安全</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/global-variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> 全局变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/errors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/unsafe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> Unsafe Rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/unsafe/superpowers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.1.</strong> 五种兵器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/unsafe/inline-asm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.2.</strong> 内联汇编</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/macro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Macro 宏编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> async/await 异步编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.1.</strong> async 编程入门</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/future-excuting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.2.</strong> 底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/pin-unpin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.3.</strong> 定海神针 Pin 和 Unpin</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.4.</strong> async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/multi-futures-simultaneous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.5.</strong> 同时运行多个 Future</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/pain-points-and-workarounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.6.</strong> 一些疑难问题的解决办法</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/async/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.7.</strong> 实践应用：Async Web 服务器</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice1/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 进阶实战1: 实现一个 web 服务器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice1/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 单线程版本</a></li><li 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class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 解析数据帧</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 深入 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/select.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> select</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 类似迭代器的 Stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> 优雅的关闭</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance-practice/bridging-with-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 异步跟同步共存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Rust 难点攻关</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 切片和切片引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/eq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Eq 和 PartialEq</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> String、&amp;str 和 str TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 作用域、生命周期和 NLL TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../difficulties/move-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> move、Copy 和 Clone TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../advance/difficulties/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">常用工具链</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../test/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 自动化测试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/write-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 编写测试及控制执行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/unit-integration-test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 单元测试和集成测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/assertion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 断言 assertion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../test/ci.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../test/benchmark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 基准测试 benchmark</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Cargo 使用指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 上手使用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 基础指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/why-exist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> 为何会有 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/download-package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> 下载并构建 Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> 添加依赖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/package-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Package 目录结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/cargo-toml-lock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/tests-ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> 测试和 CI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Cargo 缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/guide/build-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> Build 缓存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 进阶指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/specify-deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.1.</strong> 指定依赖项</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/deps-overriding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.2.</strong> 依赖覆盖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/manifest.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.3.</strong> Cargo.toml 清单详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/cargo-target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.4.</strong> Cargo Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.5.</strong> 工作空间 Workspace</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/features/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.</strong> 条件编译 Features</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/features/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.1.</strong> Features 示例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.7.</strong> 发布配置 Profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.8.</strong> 通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.9.</strong> 发布到 crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.</strong> 构建脚本 build.rs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cargo/reference/build-script/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.1.</strong> 构建脚本示例</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">开发实践</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usecases/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 企业落地实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usecases/aws-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 日志和监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/about-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 日志详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 日志门面 log</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/tracing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 使用 tracing 记录日志</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/tracing-logger.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 自定义 tracing 的输出格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/observe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/observe/about-observe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.1.</strong> 可观测性</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../logs/observe/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.2.</strong> 分布式追踪</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Rust 最佳实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/third-party-libs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 日常开发三方库精选</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 命名规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 面试经验</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../practice/best-pratice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 代码开发实践 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 手把手带你实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 我们到底需不需要链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 不太优秀的单向链表：栈</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> 最后实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 还可以的单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> 优化类型定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> 定义 Peek 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> IntoIter 和 Iter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.4.</strong> IterMut 以及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 持久化单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Drop、Arc 及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 不咋样的双端队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Peek</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> 基本操作的对称镜像</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> 不错的 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Miri</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> 栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> 测试栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.6.</strong> 数据布局 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.7.</strong> 额外的操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.8.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> 使用高级技巧实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/unsafe-deque.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.1.</strong> 生产级可用的双向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.2.</strong> 双单向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.3.</strong> 栈上的链表</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">攻克编译错误</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 征服编译错误</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 对抗编译检查</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.1.</strong> 生命周期过大-01</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.2.</strong> 生命周期过大-02</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/loop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.3.</strong> 循环中的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/closure-with-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.4.</strong> 闭包碰到特征对象-01</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.</strong> 重复借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/ref-exist-in-out-fn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.1.</strong> 同时在函数内外使用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/borrow-distinct-fields-of-struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.2.</strong> 智能指针引起的重复借用错误</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/unconstrained.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.3.</strong> 类型未限制(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/fight-with-compiler/phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.4.</strong> 幽灵数据(todo)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Rust 常见陷阱</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/use-vec-in-for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.1.</strong> for 循环中使用外部数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/stack-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.2.</strong> 线程类型导致的栈溢出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/arithmetic-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.3.</strong> 算术溢出导致的 panic</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.4.</strong> 闭包中奇怪的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.5.</strong> 可变变量不可变？</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.6.</strong> 可变借用失败引发的深入思考</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/lazy-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.7.</strong> 不太勤快的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/weird-ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.8.</strong> 奇怪的序列 x..y</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/iterator-everywhere.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.9.</strong> 无处不在的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/main-with-channel-blocked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.10.</strong> 线程间传递消息导致主线程无法结束</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.11.</strong> 警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">性能优化</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Rust 性能优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 深入内存 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/pointer-ref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.1.</strong> 指针和引用 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.2.</strong> 未初始化内存 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/allocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.3.</strong> 内存分配 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.4.</strong> 内存布局 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/memory/virtual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.5.</strong> 虚拟内存 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 性能调优 doing</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> 字符串操作性能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/deep-into-move.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> 深入理解 move</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/early-optimise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> 糟糕的提前优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/clone-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Clone 和 Copy todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/runtime-check.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> 减少 Runtime check(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/cpu-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> CPU 缓存性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/calculate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> 计算性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/heap-stack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> 堆和栈 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/allocator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> 内存 allocator todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.10.</strong> 常用性能测试工具 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/performance/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.11.</strong> Enum 内存优化 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 编译优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> LLVM todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> 常见属性标记 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/speed-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> 提升编译速度 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/optimization/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> 编译器优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../profiling/compiler/optimization/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.1.</strong> Option 枚举 todo</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">附录</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Appendix</div><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 派生特征 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> prelude 模块 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-version.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Rust 版本说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Rust 历次版本更新解读</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.1.</strong> 1.58</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.2.</strong> 1.59</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.3.</strong> 1.60</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.4.</strong> 1.61</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.5.</strong> 1.62</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.6.</strong> 1.63</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.7.</strong> 1.64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.8.</strong> 1.65</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.9.</strong> 1.66</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.10.</strong> 1.67</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.11.</strong> 1.68</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../appendix/rust-versions/1.69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.12.</strong> 1.69</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
<h1 id="用-github-actions-进行持续集成"><a class="header" href="#用-github-actions-进行持续集成">用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></h1>
<p><a href="https://github.com/features/actions">GitHub Actions</a> 是官方于 2018 年推出的持续集成服务，它非常强大，本文将手把手带领大家学习如何使用 <code>GitHub Actions</code> 对 Rust 项目进行持续集成。</p>
<p>持续集成是软件开发中异常重要的一环，大家应该都听说过 <code>Jenkins</code>，它就是一个拥有悠久历史的持续集成工具。简单来说，持续集成会定期拉取同一个项目中所有成员的相关代码，对其进行自动化构建。</p>
<p>在没有持续集成前，首先开发者需要手动编译代码并运行单元测试、集成测试等基础测试，然后启动项目相关的所有服务，接着测试人员开始介入对整个项目进行回归测试、黑盒测试等系统化的测试，当测试通过后，最后再手动发布到指定的环境中运行，这个过程是非常冗长，且所有成员都需要同时参与的。</p>
<p>在有了持续集成后，只要编写好相应的编译、测试、发布配置文件，那持续集成平台会自动帮助我们完成整个相关的流程，期间无需任何人介入，高效且可靠。</p>
<h2 id="github-actions"><a class="header" href="#github-actions">GitHub Actions</a></h2>
<p>而本文的主角正是这样的持续集成平台，它由 GitHub 官方提供，并且跟 GitHub 进行了深度的整合，其中 <code>actions</code> 代表了代码拉取、测试运行、登陆远程服务器、发布到第三方服务等操作行为。</p>
<p>最妙的是 GitHub 发现这些 <code>actions</code> 其实在很多项目中都是类似的，意味着 <code>actions</code> 完全可以被多个项目共享使用，而不是每个项目都从零开发自己的 <code>actions</code>。</p>
<p>若你需要某个 <code>action</code>，不必自己写复杂的脚本，直接引用他人写好的 <code>action</code> 即可，整个持续集成过程，就变成了多个 <code>action</code> 的组合，这就是<code> GitHub Actions</code> 最厉害的地方。</p>
<h4 id="action-的分享与引用"><a class="header" href="#action-的分享与引用">action 的分享与引用</a></h4>
<p>既然 <code>action</code> 这么强大，我们就可以将自己的 <code>action</code> 分享给他人，也可以引用他人分享的 <code>action</code>，有以下几种方式：</p>
<ol>
<li>将你的 <code>action</code> 放在 GitHub 上的公共仓库中，这样其它开发者就可以引用，例如 <a href="https://github.com/vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards">github-profile-summary-cards</a> 就提供了相应的 <code>action</code>，可以生成 GitHub 用户统计信息，然后嵌入到你的个人主页中，具体效果<a href="https://github.com/sunface">见这里</a></li>
<li>GitHub 提供了一个<a href="https://github.com/marketplace?type=actions">官方市场</a>，里面收集了许多质量不错的 <code>actions</code>，并支持在线搜索</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/sdras/awesome-actions">awesome-actions</a>，由三方开发者收集并整理的 actions</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/actions/starter-workflows">starter workflows</a>，由官方提供的工作流( workflow )模版</li>
</ol>
<p>对于第一点这里再补充下，如果你想要引用某个代码仓库中的 <code>action</code> ，可以通过 <code>userName/repoName</code> 方式来引用: 例如你可以通过 <code>actions/setup-node</code> 来引用 <code>github.com/actions/setup-node</code> 仓库中的 <code>action</code>，该 <code>action</code> 的作用是安装 Node.js。</p>
<p>由于 <code>action</code> 是代码仓库，因此就有版本的概念，你可以使用 <code>@</code> 符号来引入同一个仓库中不同版本的 <code>action</code>，例如:</p>
<pre><code class="language-yml">actions/setup-node@master # 指向一个分支
actions/setup-node@v2.5.1 # 指向一个 release
actions/setup-node@f099707 # 指向一个 commit
</code></pre>
<p>如果希望深入了解，可以进一步查看官方的<a href="https://docs.github.com/cn/actions/creating-actions/about-custom-actions#using-release-management-for-actions">文档</a>。</p>
<h2 id="actions-基础"><a class="header" href="#actions-基础">Actions 基础</a></h2>
<p>在了解了何为 GitHub Actions 后，再来通过一个基本的例子来学习下它的基本概念，注意，由于篇幅有限，我们只会讲解最常用的部分，如果想要完整的学习，请移步<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions">这里</a>。</p>
<h4 id="创建-action-demo"><a class="header" href="#创建-action-demo">创建 action demo</a></h4>
<p>首先，为了演示，我们需要创建一个公开的 GitHub 仓库 <code>rust-action</code>，然后在仓库主页的导航栏中点击 <code>Actions</code> ，你会看到如下页面 :</p>
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-4bb58f042c7a285219910bfd3c259464_1440w.jpg" />
<p>接着点击 <code>set up a workflow yourself -&gt;</code> ，你将看到系统为你自动创建的一个工作流 workflow ，在 <code>rust-action/.github/workflows/main.yml</code> 文件中包含以下内容:</p>
<pre><code class="language-yml"># 下面是一个基础的工作流，你可以基于它来编写自己的 GitHub Actions
name: CI
# 控制工作流何时运行
on:
# 当 `push` 或 `pull request` 事件发生时就触发工作流的执行，这里仅仅针对 `main` 分支
push:
branches: [main]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
# 允许用于在 `Actions` 标签页中手动运行工作流
workflow_dispatch:
# 工作流由一个或多个作业( job )组成，这些作业可以顺序运行也可以并行运行
jobs:
# 当前的工作流仅包含一个作业，作业 id 是 &quot;build&quot;
build:
# 作业名称
name: build rust action
# 执行作业所需的运行器 runner
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
# steps 代表了作业中包含的一系列可被执行的任务
steps:
# 在 $GITHUB_WORKSPACE 下 checks-out 当前仓库，这样当前作业就可以访问该仓库
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
# 使用运行器的终端来运行一个命令
- name: Run a one-line script
run: echo Hello, world!
# 使用运行器的终端运行一组命令
- name: Run a multi-line script
run: |
echo Add other actions to build,
echo test, and deploy your project.
</code></pre>
<h4 id="查看工作流信息"><a class="header" href="#查看工作流信息">查看工作流信息</a></h4>
<p>通过内容的注释，大家应该能大概理解这个工作流是怎么回事了，在具体讲解前，我们先完成 <code>Actions</code> 的创建，点击右上角的 <code>Start Commit</code> 绿色按钮提交，然后再回到 <code>Actions</code> 标签页，你可以看到如下界面:</p>
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-301a8feac57633f34f9cd638ac139c22_1440w.jpg" />
<p>这里包含了我们刚创建的工作流及当前的状态，从右下角可以看出，该工作流的运行时间是 <code>now</code> 也就是现在，<code>queued</code> 代表它已经被安排到了运行队列中，等待运行。</p>
<p>等过几秒(也可能几十秒后)，刷新当前页面，就能看到成功运行的工作流：</p>
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-99fb593bc3140f71c316ce0ba6249911_1440w.png"/>
<p>还记得之前配置中的 <code>workflow_dispatch</code> 嘛？它允许工作流被手动执行：点击左边的 <code>All workflows -&gt; CI</code> ，可以看到如下页面。</p>
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/80/v2-cc1d9418f6befb5a089cde659666e65e_1440w.png" />
<p>页面中通过蓝色的醒目高亮提示我们 <code>this workflow has a workflow_dispatch event trigger</code>，因此可以点击右边的 <code>Run workflow</code> 手动再次执行该工作流。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意，目前 <code>Actions</code> 并不会自动渲染最新的结果，因此需要刷新页面来看到最新的结果</p>
</blockquote>
<p>点击 <code>Create main.yml</code> 可以查看该工作流的详细信息：</p>
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/80/v2-94b46f23b5d63de35eae7f0425bb99b7_1440w.jpg" />
<p>至此，我们已经初步掌握 <code>GitHub Actions</code> 的用法，现在来看看一些基本的概念。</p>
<h4 id="基本概念"><a class="header" href="#基本概念">基本概念</a></h4>
<ul>
<li><strong>GitHub Actions</strong>，每个项目都拥有一个 <code>Actions</code> ，可以包含多个工作流</li>
<li><strong>workflow 工作流</strong>，描述了一次持续集成的过程</li>
<li><strong>job 作业</strong>，一个工作流可以包含多个作业，因为一次持续集成本身就由多个不同的部分组成</li>
<li><strong>step 步骤</strong>，每个作业由多个步骤组成，按照顺序一步一步完成</li>
<li><strong>action 动作</strong>，每个步骤可以包含多个动作，例如上例中的 <code>Run a multi-line script</code> 步骤就包含了两个动作</li>
</ul>
<p>可以看出，每一个概念都是相互包含的关系，前者包含了后者，层层相扣，正因为这些精心设计的对象才有了强大的 <code>GitHub Actions</code>。</p>
<h4 id="on"><a class="header" href="#on">on</a></h4>
<p><code>on</code> 可以设定事件用于触发工作流的运行：</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>一个或多个 GitHub 事件，例如 <code>push</code> 一个 <code>commit</code>、创建一个 <code>issue</code>、提交一次 <code>pr</code> 等等，详细的事件列表参见<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows">这里</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>预定的时间，例如每天零点零分触发，详情见<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows#schedule">这里</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-yml">on:
schedule: -cron:'0 0 * * *'
</code></pre>
<ol start="3">
<li>外部事件触发，例如你可以通过 <code>REST API</code> 向 GitHub 发送请求去触发，具体请查阅<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows#repository_dispatch">官方文档</a></li>
</ol>
<h4 id="jobs"><a class="header" href="#jobs">jobs</a></h4>
<p>工作流由一个或多个作业 <code>job</code> 组成，这些作业可以顺序运行也可以并行运行，同时我们还能使用 <code>needs</code> 来指定作业之间的依赖关系：</p>
<pre><code class="language-yml">jobs:
job1:
job2:
needs: job1
job3:
needs: [job1, job2]
</code></pre>
<p>这里的 <code>job2</code> 必须等待 <code>job1</code> 成功后才能运行，而 <code>job3</code> 则需要等待 <code>job1</code> 和 <code>job2</code>。</p>
<h4 id="runs-on"><a class="header" href="#runs-on">runs-on</a></h4>
<p>指定作业的运行环境，运行器 <code>runner</code> 分为两种：<code>GitHub-hosted runner</code> 和 <code>self-hosted runner</code>，后者是使用自己的机器来运行作业，但是需要 GitHub 能进行访问并给予相应的机器权限，感兴趣的同学可以看看<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/choosing-the-runner-for-a-job#choosing-self-hosted-runners">这里</a>。</p>
<p>而对于前者，GitHub 提供了以下的运行环境：</p>
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/80/v2-614999565cc513715aaf156c2e478991_1440w.jpg" />
<p>其中比较常用的就是 <code>runs-on:ubuntu-latest</code>。</p>
<h4 id="strategymatrix"><a class="header" href="#strategymatrix">strategy.matrix</a></h4>
<p>有时候我们常常需要对多个操作系统、多个平台、多个编程语言版本进行测试，为此我们可以配置一个 <code>matrix</code> 矩阵：</p>
<pre><code class="language-yml">runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-18.04, ubuntu-20.04]
node: [10, 12, 14]
steps:
- uses: actions/setup-node@v2
with:
node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
</code></pre>
<p>大家猜猜，这段代码会最终构建多少个作业？答案是 <code>2 * 3 = 6</code>，通过 <code>os</code> 和 <code>node</code> 进行组合，就可以得出这个结论，这也是 <code>matrix</code> 矩阵名称的来源。</p>
<p>当然，<code>matrix</code> 能做的远不止这些，例如，你还可以定义自己想要的 <code>kv</code> 键值对，想要深入学习的话可以看看<a href="https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-a-build-matrix-for-your-jobs">官方文档</a>。</p>
<h4 id="strategy"><a class="header" href="#strategy">strategy</a></h4>
<p>除了 <code>matrix</code> ，<code>strategy</code> 中还能设定以下内容：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>fail-fast</code> : 默认为 true ，即一旦某个矩阵任务失败则立即取消所有还在进行中的任务</li>
<li><code>max-paraller</code> : 可同时执行的最大并发数，默认情况下 GitHub 会动态调整</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="env"><a class="header" href="#env">env</a></h4>
<p>用于设定环境变量，可以用于以下地方:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>env</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>jobs.&lt;job_id&gt;.env</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>jobs.&lt;job_id&gt;.steps.env</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-yml">env:
NODE_ENV: dev
jobs:
job1:
env:
NODE_ENV: test
steps:
- name:
env:
NODE_ENV: prod
</code></pre>
<p>如果有多个 <code>env</code> 存在，会使用就近那个。</p>
<p>至此，<code>GitHub Actions</code> 的常用内容大家已经基本了解，下面来看一个实用的示例。</p>
<h2 id="真实示例生成-github-统计卡片"><a class="header" href="#真实示例生成-github-统计卡片">真实示例：生成 GitHub 统计卡片</a></h2>
<p>相信大家看过不少用户都定制了自己的个性化 GitHub 首页，这个是通过在个人名下创建一个同名的仓库来实现的，该仓库中的 <code>Readme.md</code> 的内容会自动展示在你的个人首页中，例如 <code>Sunface</code> 的<a href="https://github.com/sunface">个人首页</a> 和内容所在的<a href="https://github.com/sunface/sunface">仓库</a>。</p>
<p>大家可能会好奇上面链接中的 GitHub 统计卡片如何生成，其实有两种办法:</p>
<ul>
<li>使用 <a href="https://github.com/anuraghazra/github-readme-stats">github-readme-stats</a></li>
<li>使用 <code>GitHub Actions</code> 来引用其它人提供的 <code>action</code> 生成对应的卡片，再嵌入进来， <code>Sunface</code> 的个人首页就是这么做的</li>
</ul>
<p>第一种的优点就是非常简单，缺点是样式不太容易统一，不能对齐对于强迫症来说实在难受 :( 而后者的优点是规规整整的卡片，缺点就是使用起来更加复杂，而我们正好借此来看看真实的 <code>GitHub Actions</code> 长什么样。</p>
<p>首先，在你的同名项目下创建 <code>.github/workflows/profile-summary-cards.yml</code> 文件，然后填入以下内容:</p>
<pre><code class="language-yml"># 工作流名称
name: GitHub-Profile-Summary-Cards
on:
schedule:
# 每24小时触发一次
- cron: &quot;0 * * * *&quot;
# 开启手动触发
workflow_dispatch:
jobs:
# job id
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
name: generate
steps:
# 第一步，checkout 当前项目
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
# 第二步，引入目标 action: vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards仓库中的 `release` 分支
- uses: vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards@release
env:
GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
with:
USERNAME: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
</code></pre>
<p>当提交后，该工作流会自动在当前项目中生成 <code>profile-summary-card-output</code> 目录，然后将所有卡片放入其中，当然我们这里使用了定时触发的机制，并没有基于 <code>pr</code> 或<code>push</code> 来触发，如果你在编写过程中，希望手动触发来看看结果，请参考前文的手动触发方式。</p>
<p>这里我们引用了 <code>vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards@release</code> 的 <code>action</code>，位于 <code>https://github.com/vn7n24fzkq/github-profile-summary-cards</code> 仓库中，并指定使用 <code>release</code> 分支。</p>
<p>接下来就可以愉快的<a href="https://github.com/sunface/sunface/edit/master/Readme.md">使用这些卡片</a>来定制我们的主页了: )</p>
<h2 id="使用-actions-来构建-rust-项目"><a class="header" href="#使用-actions-来构建-rust-项目">使用 Actions 来构建 Rust 项目</a></h2>
<p>其实 Rust 项目也没有什么特别之处，我们只需要在 <code>steps</code> 逐步构建即可，下面给出该如何测试和构建的示例。</p>
<h4 id="测试"><a class="header" href="#测试">测试</a></h4>
<pre><code class="language-yml">on: [push, pull_request]
name: Continuous integration
jobs:
check:
name: Check
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: cargo check
test:
name: Test Suite
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: cargo test
fmt:
name: Rustfmt
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: rustup component add rustfmt
- run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
clippy:
name: Clippy
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
profile: minimal
toolchain: stable
override: true
- run: rustup component add clippy
- run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings
</code></pre>
<h2 id="构建"><a class="header" href="#构建">构建</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-yml">name: build
on:
workflow_dispatch: {}
jobs:
build:
name: build
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
build: [linux, macos, windows]
include:
- build: linux
os: ubuntu-18.04
rust: nightly
target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
archive-name: sgf-render-linux.tar.gz
- build: macos
os: macos-latest
rust: nightly
target: x86_64-apple-darwin
archive-name: sgf-render-macos.tar.gz
- build: windows
os: windows-2019
rust: nightly-x86_64-msvc
target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
archive-name: sgf-render-windows.7z
fail-fast: false
steps:
- name: Checkout repository
uses: actions/checkout@v2
- name: Install Rust
uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1
with:
toolchain: ${{ matrix.rust }}
profile: minimal
override: true
target: ${{ matrix.target }}
- name: Build binary
run: cargo build --verbose --release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
env:
RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
- name: Strip binary (linux and macos)
if: matrix.build == 'linux' || matrix.build == 'macos'
run: strip &quot;target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/sgf-render&quot;
- name: Build archive
shell: bash
run: |
mkdir archive
cp LICENSE README.md archive/
cd archive
if [ &quot;${{ matrix.build }}&quot; = &quot;windows&quot; ]; then
cp &quot;../target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/sgf-render.exe&quot; ./
7z a &quot;${{ matrix.archive-name }}&quot; LICENSE README.md sgf-render.exe
else
cp &quot;../target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/sgf-render&quot; ./
tar -czf &quot;${{ matrix.archive-name }}&quot; LICENSE README.md sgf-render
fi
- name: Upload archive
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1
with:
name: ${{ matrix.archive-name }}
path: archive/${{ matrix.archive-name }}
</code></pre>
<p>限于文章篇幅有限，我们就不再多做解释，大家有疑问可以看看文中给出的文档链接，顺便说一句官方文档是支持中文的！</p>
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