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+.hljs-attr, +.hljs-regexp, +.hljs-link, +.hljs-selector-id, +.hljs-selector-class { + color: #ff7733; +} + +.hljs-number, +.hljs-meta, +.hljs-builtin-name, +.hljs-literal, +.hljs-type, +.hljs-params { + color: #ffee99; +} + +.hljs-string, +.hljs-bullet { + color: #b8cc52; +} + +.hljs-title, +.hljs-built_in, +.hljs-section { + color: #ffb454; +} + +.hljs-keyword, +.hljs-selector-tag, +.hljs-symbol { + color: #ff7733; +} + +.hljs-name { + color: #36a3d9; +} + +.hljs-tag { + color: #00568d; +} + +.hljs-emphasis { + font-style: italic; +} + +.hljs-strong { + font-weight: bold; +} + +.hljs-addition { + color: #91b362; +} + +.hljs-deletion { + color: #d96c75; +} diff --git a/book.js b/book.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..049505f --- /dev/null +++ b/book.js @@ -0,0 +1,660 @@ +"use strict"; + +// Fix back button cache problem +window.onunload = function () { }; + +// Global variable, shared between modules +function playground_text(playground) { + let code_block = playground.querySelector("code"); + + if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) { + let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block); + return editor.getValue(); + } else { + return code_block.textContent; + } +} + +(function codeSnippets() { + function fetch_with_timeout(url, options, timeout = 6000) { + return Promise.race([ + fetch(url, options), + new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('timeout')), timeout)) + ]); + } + + var playgrounds = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playground")); + if (playgrounds.length > 0) { + fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/meta/crates", { + headers: { + 'Content-Type': "application/json", + }, + method: 'POST', + mode: 'cors', + }) + .then(response => response.json()) + .then(response => { + // get list of crates available in the rust playground + let playground_crates = response.crates.map(item => item["id"]); + playgrounds.forEach(block => handle_crate_list_update(block, playground_crates)); + }); + } + + function handle_crate_list_update(playground_block, playground_crates) { + // update the play buttons after receiving the response + update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates); + + // and install on change listener to dynamically update ACE editors + if (window.ace) { + let code_block = playground_block.querySelector("code"); + if (code_block.classList.contains("editable")) { + let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block); + editor.addEventListener("change", function (e) { + update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates); + }); + // add Ctrl-Enter command to execute rust code + editor.commands.addCommand({ + name: "run", + bindKey: { + win: "Ctrl-Enter", + mac: "Ctrl-Enter" + }, + exec: _editor => run_rust_code(playground_block) + }); + } + } + } + + // updates the visibility of play button based on `no_run` class and + // used crates vs ones available on http://play.rust-lang.org + function update_play_button(pre_block, playground_crates) { + var play_button = pre_block.querySelector(".play-button"); + + // skip if code is `no_run` + if (pre_block.querySelector('code').classList.contains("no_run")) { + play_button.classList.add("hidden"); + return; + } + + // get list of `extern crate`'s from snippet + var txt = playground_text(pre_block); + var re = /extern\s+crate\s+([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)\s*;/g; + var snippet_crates = []; + var item; + while (item = re.exec(txt)) { + snippet_crates.push(item[1]); + } + + // check if all used crates are available on play.rust-lang.org + var all_available = snippet_crates.every(function (elem) { + return playground_crates.indexOf(elem) > -1; + }); + + if (all_available) { + play_button.classList.remove("hidden"); + } else { + play_button.classList.add("hidden"); + } + } + + function run_rust_code(code_block) { + var result_block = code_block.querySelector(".result"); + if (!result_block) { + result_block = document.createElement('code'); + result_block.className = 'result hljs language-bash'; + + code_block.append(result_block); + } + + let text = playground_text(code_block); + let classes = code_block.querySelector('code').classList; + let has_2018 = classes.contains("edition2018"); + let edition = has_2018 ? "2018" : "2015"; + + var params = { + version: "stable", + optimize: "0", + code: text, + edition: edition + }; + + if (text.indexOf("#![feature") !== -1) { + params.version = "nightly"; + } + + result_block.innerText = "Running..."; + + fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json", { + headers: { + 'Content-Type': "application/json", + }, + method: 'POST', + mode: 'cors', + body: JSON.stringify(params) + }) + .then(response => response.json()) + .then(response => result_block.innerText = response.result) + .catch(error => result_block.innerText = "Playground Communication: " + error.message); + } + + // Syntax highlighting Configuration + hljs.configure({ + tabReplace: ' ', // 4 spaces + languages: [], // Languages used for auto-detection + }); + + let code_nodes = Array + .from(document.querySelectorAll('code')) + // Don't highlight `inline code` blocks in headers. + .filter(function (node) {return !node.parentElement.classList.contains("header"); }); + + if (window.ace) { + // language-rust class needs to be removed for editable + // blocks or highlightjs will capture events + Array + .from(document.querySelectorAll('code.editable')) + .forEach(function (block) { block.classList.remove('language-rust'); }); + + Array + .from(document.querySelectorAll('code:not(.editable)')) + .forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); }); + } else { + code_nodes.forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); }); + } + + // Adding the hljs class gives code blocks the color css + // even if highlighting doesn't apply + code_nodes.forEach(function (block) { block.classList.add('hljs'); }); + + Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("code.language-rust")).forEach(function (block) { + + var lines = Array.from(block.querySelectorAll('.boring')); + // If no lines were hidden, return + if (!lines.length) { return; } + block.classList.add("hide-boring"); + + var buttons = document.createElement('div'); + buttons.className = 'buttons'; + buttons.innerHTML = ""; + + // add expand button + var pre_block = block.parentNode; + pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild); + + pre_block.querySelector('.buttons').addEventListener('click', function (e) { + if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-expand')) { + e.target.classList.remove('fa-expand'); 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+ }); +})(); + +(function scrollToTop () { + var menuTitle = document.querySelector('.menu-title'); + + menuTitle.addEventListener('click', function () { + document.scrollingElement.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); + }); +})(); + +(function controllMenu() { + var menu = document.getElementById('menu-bar'); + + (function controllPosition() { + var scrollTop = document.scrollingElement.scrollTop; + var prevScrollTop = scrollTop; + var minMenuY = -menu.clientHeight - 50; + // When the script loads, the page can be at any scroll (e.g. if you reforesh it). + menu.style.top = scrollTop + 'px'; + // Same as parseInt(menu.style.top.slice(0, -2), but faster + var topCache = menu.style.top.slice(0, -2); + menu.classList.remove('sticky'); + var stickyCache = false; // Same as menu.classList.contains('sticky'), but faster + document.addEventListener('scroll', function () { + scrollTop = Math.max(document.scrollingElement.scrollTop, 0); + // `null` means that it doesn't need to be updated + var nextSticky = null; + var nextTop = null; + var scrollDown = scrollTop > prevScrollTop; + var menuPosAbsoluteY = topCache - scrollTop; + if (scrollDown) { + nextSticky = false; + if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) { + nextTop = prevScrollTop; + } + } else { + if (menuPosAbsoluteY > 0) { + nextSticky = true; + } else if (menuPosAbsoluteY < minMenuY) { + nextTop = prevScrollTop + minMenuY; + } + } + if (nextSticky === true && stickyCache === false) { + menu.classList.add('sticky'); + stickyCache = true; + } else if (nextSticky === false && stickyCache === true) { + menu.classList.remove('sticky'); + stickyCache = false; + } + if (nextTop !== null) { + menu.style.top = nextTop + 'px'; + topCache = nextTop; + } + prevScrollTop = scrollTop; + }, { passive: true }); + })(); + (function controllBorder() { + menu.classList.remove('bordered'); + document.addEventListener('scroll', function () { + if (menu.offsetTop === 0) { + menu.classList.remove('bordered'); + } else { + menu.classList.add('bordered'); + } + }, { passive: true }); + })(); +})(); diff --git a/ch01-00-object.html b/ch01-00-object.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2072808 --- /dev/null +++ b/ch01-00-object.html @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ + + + + + + 内核对象 - 简明 zCore 教程 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

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+ + + + + + + + +

内核对象

Zircon 是一个基于内核对象的系统。系统的功能被划分到若干组内核对象中。

作为一切的开始，本章首先构造了一个内核对象框架，作为后面实现的基础。 +然后我们实现第一个内核对象 —— Process，它是所有对象的容器，也是将来我们操作对象的入口点。 +最后会实现一个稍微复杂但是极其重要的对象 Channel，它是进程间通信（IPC）的基础设施，也是传送对象的唯一管道。

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/ch01-01-kernel-object.html b/ch01-01-kernel-object.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68e5976 --- /dev/null +++ b/ch01-01-kernel-object.html @@ -0,0 +1,580 @@ + + + + + + 初识内核对象 - 简明 zCore 教程 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

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+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

初识内核对象

内核对象简介

TODO

详细内容可参考 Fuchsia 官方文档：内核对象。

在这一节中我们将在 Rust 中实现内核对象的概念。

建立项目

首先我们需要安装 Rust 工具链。在 Linux 或 macOS 系统下，只需要用一个命令下载安装 rustup 即可：

$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
+

具体安装方法可以参考官方文档。

接下来我们用 cargo 创建一个 Rust 库项目：

$ cargo new --lib zcore
+$ cd zcore
+

我们将在这个 crate 中实现所有的内核对象，以库（lib）而不是可执行文件（bin）的形式组织代码，后面我们会依赖单元测试保证代码的正确性。

由于我们会用到一些不稳定（unstable）的语言特性，需要使用 nightly 版本的工具链。在项目根目录下创建一个 rust-toolchain 文件，指明使用的工具链版本：

nightly-2020-06-04
+

这个程序库目前是在你的 Linux 或 macOS 上运行，但有朝一日它会成为一个真正的 OS 在裸机上运行。 +为此我们需要移除对标准库的依赖，使其成为一个不依赖当前 OS 功能的库。在 lib.rs 的第一行添加声明：

#![no_std]
+extern crate alloc;
+

现在我们可以尝试运行一下自带的单元测试，编译器可能会自动下载并安装工具链：

$ cargo test
+    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.52s
+     Running target/debug/deps/zcore-dc6d43637bc5df7a
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::it_works ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+

实现 KernelObject 接口

所有的内核对象有一系列共同的属性和方法，我们称这些方法为对象的公共接口（Interface）。 +同一种方法在不同类型的对象中可能会有不同的行为，在面向对象语言中我们称其为多态（Polymorphism）。

Rust 是一门部分面向对象的语言，我们通常用它的 trait 实现接口和多态。

首先创建一个 KernelObject trait 作为内核对象的公共接口：


+#![allow(unused)]
+fn main() {
+/// 内核对象公共接口
+pub trait KernelObject: Send + Sync {
+    /// 获取对象 ID
+    fn id(&self) -> KoID;
+    /// 获取对象类型名
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &str;
+    /// 获取对象名称
+    fn name(&self) -> String;
+    /// 设置对象名称
+    fn set_name(&self, name: &str);
+}
+
+/// 对象 ID 类型
+pub type KoID = u64;
+}
+

这里的 Send + Sync 是一个约束所有 KernelObject 都要满足的前提条件，即它必须是一个并发对象。 +所谓并发对象指的是可以安全地被多线程共享访问。事实上我们的内核本身就是一个共享地址空间的多线程程序，在裸机上每个 CPU 核都可以被视为一个并发执行的线程。 +由于内核对象可能被多个线程同时访问，因此它必须是并发对象。

实现一个空对象

接下来我们实现一个最简单的空对象 DummyObject，并为它实现 KernelObject 接口：

use spin::Mutex;
+
+/// 空对象
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DummyObject {
+    id: KoID,
+    inner: Mutex<DummyObjectInner>,
+}
+
+/// `DummyObject` 的内部可变部分
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+struct DummyObjectInner {
+    name: String,
+}
+

这里我们采用一种内部可变性的设计模式：将对象的所有可变的部分封装到一个内部对象 DummyObjectInner 中，并在原对象中用自旋锁 Mutex 把它包起来，剩下的其它字段都是不可变的。 +Mutex 会用最简单的方式帮我们处理好并发访问问题：如果有其他人正在访问，我就在这里死等。 +数据被 Mutex 包起来之后需要首先使用 lock() 拿到锁之后才能访问。此时并发访问已经安全，因此被包起来的结构自动具有了 Send + Sync 特性。

使用自旋锁引入了新的依赖库 spin ，需要在 Cargo.toml 中加入以下声明：

[dependencies]
+spin = "0.5"
+

然后我们为新对象实现构造函数：

use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use core::sync::atomic::*;
+
+impl DummyObject {
+    /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
+    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(DummyObject {
+            id: Self::new_koid(),
+            inner: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// 生成一个唯一的 ID
+    fn new_koid() -> KoID {
+        static NEXT_KOID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1024);
+        NEXT_KOID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+}
+

根据文档描述，每个内核对象都有唯一的 ID。为此我们需要实现一个全局的 ID 分配方法。这里采用的方法是用一个静态变量存放下一个待分配 ID 值，每次分配就原子地 +1。 +ID 类型使用 u64，保证了数值空间足够大，在有生之年都不用担心溢出问题。在 Zircon 中 ID 从 1024 开始分配，1024 以下保留作内核内部使用。

另外注意这里 new 函数返回类型不是 Self 而是 Arc<Self>，这是为了以后方便而做的统一约定。

最后我们为它实现 KernelObject 接口：

impl KernelObject for DummyObject {
+    fn id(&self) -> KoID {
+        self.id
+    }
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &str {
+        "DummyObject"
+    }
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        self.inner.lock().name.clone()
+    }
+    fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {
+        self.inner.lock().name = String::from(name);
+    }
+}
+

到此为止，我们已经迈出了万里长征第一步，实现了一个最简单的功能。有实现，就要有测试！即使最简单的代码也要保证它的行为符合我们预期。 +只有对现有代码进行充分测试，在未来做添加和修改的时候，我们才有信心不会把事情搞砸。俗话讲"万丈高楼平地起"，把地基打好才能盖摩天大楼。

为了证明上面代码的正确性，我们写一个简单的单元测试，替换掉自带的 it_works 函数：

#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn dummy_object() {
+        let o1 = DummyObject::new();
+        let o2 = DummyObject::new();
+        assert_ne!(o1.id(), o2.id());
+        assert_eq!(o1.type_name(), "DummyObject");
+        assert_eq!(o1.name(), "");
+        o1.set_name("object1");
+        assert_eq!(o1.name(), "object1");
+    }
+}
+

$ cargo test
+    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.53s
+     Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::dummy_object ... ok
+

大功告成！让我们用 cargo fmt 命令格式化一下代码，然后记得 git commit 及时保存进展。

实现接口到具体类型的向下转换

在系统调用中，用户进程会传入一个内核对象的句柄，然后内核会根据系统调用的类型，尝试将其转换成特定类型的对象。 +于是这里产生了一个很重要的需求：将接口 Arc<dyn KernelObject> 转换成具体类型的结构 Arc<T> where T: KernelObject。 +这种操作在面向对象语言中称为向下转换（downcast）。

在大部分编程语言中，向下转换都是一件非常轻松的事情。例如在 C/C++ 中，我们可以这样写：

struct KernelObject {...};
+struct DummyObject: KernelObject {...};
+
+KernelObject *base = ...;
+// C 风格：强制类型转换
+DummyObject *dummy = (DummyObject*)(base);
+// C++ 风格：动态类型转换
+DummyObject *dummy = dynamic_cast<DummyObject*>(base);
+

但在 Rust 中，由于其 trait 模型的限制，向下转换并不是一件容易的事情。 +虽然标准库中提供了 Any trait，部分实现了动态类型的功能，但实际操作起来却困难重重。 +不信邪的同学可以自己折腾一下：


+#![allow(unused)]
+fn main() {
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+trait KernelObject: Any + Send + Sync {}
+fn downcast_v1<T: KernelObject>(object: Arc<dyn KernelObject>) -> Arc<T> {
+    object.downcast::<T>().unwrap()
+}
+fn downcast_v2<T: KernelObject>(object: Arc<dyn KernelObject>) -> Arc<T> {
+    let object: Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync + 'static> = object;
+    object.downcast::<T>().unwrap()
+}
+}
+

当然这个问题也困扰了 Rust 社区中的很多人。目前已经有人提出了一套不错的解决方案，就是我们接下来要引入的 downcast-rs 库：

[dependencies]
+downcast-rs = { version = "1.2.0", default-features = false }
+

（题外话：这个库原来是不支持 no_std 的，zCore 有这个需求，于是就顺便帮他实现了一把）

按照它文档的描述，我们要为自己的接口实现向下转换，只需以下修改：

use core::fmt::Debug;
+use downcast_rs::{impl_downcast, DowncastSync};
+
+pub trait KernelObject: DowncastSync + Debug {...}
+impl_downcast!(sync KernelObject);
+

其中 DowncastSync 代替了原来的 Send + Sync，Debug 用于出错时输出调试信息。 +impl_downcast! 宏用来帮我们自动生成转换函数，然后就可以用 downcast_arc 来对 Arc 做向下转换了。我们直接来测试一把：

#[test]
+fn downcast() {
+    let dummy = DummyObject::new();
+    let object: Arc<dyn KernelObject> = dummy;
+    let _result: Arc<DummyObject> = object.downcast_arc::<DummyObject>().unwrap();
+}
+

$ cargo test
+    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s
+     Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
+
+running 2 tests
+test object::downcast ... ok
+test object::tests::dummy_object ... ok
+

模拟继承：用宏自动生成接口实现代码

上面我们已经完整实现了一个内核对象，代码看起来很简洁。但当我们要实现更多对象的时候，就会发现一个问题： +这些对象拥有一些公共属性，接口方法也有共同的实现。 +在传统 OOP 语言中，我们通常使用 继承（inheritance） 来复用这些公共代码：子类 B 可以继承父类 A，然后自动拥有父类的所有字段和方法。

继承是一个很强大的功能，但在长期实践中人们也逐渐发现了它的弊端。有兴趣的读者可以看一看知乎上的探讨：面向对象编程的弊端是什么？。 +经典著作《设计模式》中就鼓励大家使用组合代替继承。而一些现代的编程语言，如 Go 和 Rust，甚至直接抛弃了继承。在 Rust 中，通常使用组合结构和 Deref trait 来部分模拟继承。

+
继承野蛮，trait 文明。 —— 某 Rust 爱好者
+

接下来我们模仿 downcast-rs 库的做法，使用一种基于宏的代码生成方案，来实现 KernelObject 的继承。 +当然这只是抛砖引玉，如果读者自己实现了，或者了解到社区中有更好的解决方案，也欢迎指出。

具体做法是这样的：

使用一个 struct 来提供所有的公共属性和方法，作为所有子类的第一个成员。
为子类实现 trait 接口，所有方法直接委托给内部 struct 完成。这部分使用宏来自动生成模板代码。

而所谓的内部 struct，其实就是我们上面实现的 DummyObject。为了更好地体现它的功能，我们给他改个名叫 KObjectBase：

/// 内核对象核心结构
+pub struct KObjectBase {
+    /// 对象 ID
+    pub id: KoID,
+    inner: Mutex<KObjectBaseInner>,
+}
+
+/// `KObjectBase` 的内部可变部分
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct KObjectBaseInner {
+    name: String,
+}
+

接下来我们把它的构造函数改为实现 Default trait，并且公共属性和方法都指定为 pub：

impl Default for KObjectBase {
+    /// 创建一个新 `KObjectBase`
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        KObjectBase {
+            id: Self::new_koid(),
+            inner: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl KObjectBase {
+    /// 生成一个唯一的 ID
+    fn new_koid() -> KoID {...}
+    /// 获取对象名称
+    pub fn name(&self) -> String {...}
+    /// 设置对象名称
+    pub fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {...}
+}
+

最后来写一个魔法的宏！

/// 为内核对象 struct 自动实现 `KernelObject` trait 的宏。
+#[macro_export] // 导出宏，可在 crate 外部使用
+macro_rules! impl_kobject {
+    // 匹配类型名，并可以提供函数覆盖默认实现
+    ($class:ident $( $fn:tt )*) => {
+        // 为对象实现 KernelObject trait，方法直接转发到内部 struct
+        impl KernelObject for $class {
+            fn id(&self) -> KoID {
+                // 直接访问内部的 pub 属性
+                self.base.id
+            }
+            fn type_name(&self) -> &str {
+                // 用 stringify! 宏将输入转成字符串
+                stringify!($class)
+            }
+            // 注意宏里面的类型要写完整路径，例如：alloc::string::String
+            fn name(&self) -> alloc::string::String {
+                self.base.name()
+            }
+            fn set_name(&self, name: &str){
+                // 直接访问内部的 pub 方法
+                self.base.set_name(name)
+            }
+            // 可以传入任意数量的函数，覆盖 trait 的默认实现
+            $( $fn )*
+        }
+        // 为对象实现 Debug trait
+        impl core::fmt::Debug for $class {
+            fn fmt(
+                &self,
+                f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> core::result::Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
+                // 输出对象类型、ID 和名称
+                f.debug_tuple(&stringify!($class))
+                    .field(&self.id())
+                    .field(&self.name())
+                    .finish()
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+

轮子已经造好了！让我们看看如何用它方便地实现一个内核对象，仍以 DummyObject 为例：

/// 空对象
+pub struct DummyObject {
+    // 其中必须包含一个名为 `base` 的 `KObjectBase`
+    base: KObjectBase,
+}
+
+// 使用刚才的宏，声明其为内核对象，自动生成必要的代码
+impl_kobject!(DummyObject);
+
+impl DummyObject {
+    /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
+    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(DummyObject {
+            base: KObjectBase::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+

是不是方便了很多？最后按照惯例，用单元测试检验实现的正确性：

#[test]
+fn impl_kobject() {
+    use alloc::format;
+    let dummy = DummyObject::new();
+    let object: Arc<dyn KernelObject> = dummy;
+    assert_eq!(object.type_name(), "DummyObject");
+    assert_eq!(object.name(), "");
+    object.set_name("dummy");
+    assert_eq!(object.name(), "dummy");
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{:?}", object),
+        format!("DummyObject({}, \"dummy\")", object.id())
+    );
+    let _result: Arc<DummyObject> = object.downcast_arc::<DummyObject>().unwrap();
+}
+

有兴趣的读者可以继续探索使用功能更强大的 过程宏（proc_macro），进一步简化实现新内核对象所需的模板代码。 +如果能把上面的代码块缩小成下面这两行，就更加完美了：

#[KernelObject]
+pub struct DummyObject;
+

总结

在这一节中我们用 Rust 语言实现了 Zircon 最核心的内核对象概念。在此过程中涉及到 Rust 的一系列语言特性和设计模式：

使用 trait 实现接口
使用 内部可变性 模式实现并发对象
基于社区解决方案实现 trait 到 struct 的 向下转换
使用组合模拟继承，并使用宏实现模板代码的自动生成

由于 Rust 独特的面向对象编程特性，我们在实现内核对象的过程中遇到了一定的挑战。 +不过万事开头难，解决这些问题为整个项目打下了坚实基础，后面实现新的内核对象就会变得简单很多。

在下一节中，我们将介绍内核对象相关的另外两个概念：句柄和权限，并实现内核对象的存储和访问。

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/ch01-02-process-object.html b/ch01-02-process-object.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1eee1f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/ch01-02-process-object.html @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ + + + + + + 对象管理器：Process 对象 - 简明 zCore 教程 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

对象管理器：Process 对象

句柄和权限

实现第一个内核对象

存储内核对象句柄

根据句柄查找内核对象

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/ch01-03-channel-object.html b/ch01-03-channel-object.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d683966 --- /dev/null +++ b/ch01-03-channel-object.html @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ + + + + + + 对象传送器：Channel 对象 - 简明 zCore 教程 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

对象传送器：Channel 对象

+ + + + + + + + +

简明 zCore 教程

自己动手山寨操作系统：自顶向下方法

zCore 是用 Rust 语言重写的 Zircon 微内核，它是 Google 正在开发的 Fuchsia OS 中的底层内核。

本教程基于 zCore 的真实开发历史，还原其开发过程。带领读者一步一步用 Rust 实现自己的 Zircon 内核，最终能够运行原生的 shell 程序。 +在此过程中我们将体会 Zircon 微内核的设计理念，感受如何用 Rust 语言以一种现代的方式编写系统软件，在项目中实现理论与实践的融合。

与传统操作系统开发不同的是，zCore 使用一种自顶向下的方法：首先基于宿主系统已有的功能，在用户态实现一个能够工作的 libOS，然后再逐步替换底层实现， +"移植"回裸机环境中运行。因此我们更关注系统的整体设计，从高层视角看待 OS 如何为用户提供服务，而不纠结于底层硬件细节。

鉴于此，本教程假设读者了解操作系统基本概念和原理，具有常用的 Linux 系统使用经验，并且会使用 Rust 语言编写简单程序。 +如果读者不熟悉操作系统和 Rust 语言，希望以自底向上方法从零构建操作系统，rCore Tutorial 可能是更好的选择。

如果你准备好了，让我们开始吧！

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/mark.min.js b/mark.min.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1636231 --- /dev/null +++ b/mark.min.js @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +/*!*************************************************** +* mark.js v8.11.1 +* https://markjs.io/ +* Copyright (c) 2014–2018, Julian Kühnel +* Released under the MIT license https://git.io/vwTVl +*****************************************************/ +!function(e,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(t):e.Mark=t()}(this,function(){"use strict";var e="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},t=function(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")},n=function(){function e(e,t){for(var n=0;n1&&void 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r((e=this.wrapRangeInTextNode(e,t,t+n)).previousSibling),e}},{key:"separateGroups",value:function(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=t.length,a=1;a-1&&r(t[a],e)&&(e=this.wrapGroups(e,s,t[a].length,i))}return e}},{key:"wrapMatches",value:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o=this,a=0===t?0:t+1;this.getTextNodes(function(t){t.nodes.forEach(function(t){t=t.node;for(var i=void 0;null!==(i=e.exec(t.textContent))&&""!==i[a];){if(o.opt.separateGroups)t=o.separateGroups(t,i,a,n,r);else{if(!n(i[a],t))continue;var s=i.index;if(0!==a)for(var c=1;c + + + + + 简明 zCore 教程 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + + +

简明 zCore 教程

自己动手山寨操作系统：自顶向下方法

zCore 是用 Rust 语言重写的 Zircon 微内核，它是 Google 正在开发的 Fuchsia OS 中的底层内核。

如果你准备好了，让我们开始吧！

zCore 整体结构和设计模式

Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核

内核对象

Zircon 是一个基于内核对象的系统。系统的功能被划分到若干组内核对象中。

初识内核对象

内核对象简介

TODO

详细内容可参考 Fuchsia 官方文档：内核对象。

在这一节中我们将在 Rust 中实现内核对象的概念。

建立项目

首先我们需要安装 Rust 工具链。在 Linux 或 macOS 系统下，只需要用一个命令下载安装 rustup 即可：

$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
+

具体安装方法可以参考官方文档。

接下来我们用 cargo 创建一个 Rust 库项目：

$ cargo new --lib zcore
+$ cd zcore
+

我们将在这个 crate 中实现所有的内核对象，以库（lib）而不是可执行文件（bin）的形式组织代码，后面我们会依赖单元测试保证代码的正确性。

nightly-2020-06-04
+

#![no_std]
+extern crate alloc;
+

现在我们可以尝试运行一下自带的单元测试，编译器可能会自动下载并安装工具链：

$ cargo test
+    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.52s
+     Running target/debug/deps/zcore-dc6d43637bc5df7a
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::it_works ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
+

实现 KernelObject 接口

Rust 是一门部分面向对象的语言，我们通常用它的 trait 实现接口和多态。

首先创建一个 KernelObject trait 作为内核对象的公共接口：


+#![allow(unused)]
+fn main() {
+/// 内核对象公共接口
+pub trait KernelObject: Send + Sync {
+    /// 获取对象 ID
+    fn id(&self) -> KoID;
+    /// 获取对象类型名
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &str;
+    /// 获取对象名称
+    fn name(&self) -> String;
+    /// 设置对象名称
+    fn set_name(&self, name: &str);
+}
+
+/// 对象 ID 类型
+pub type KoID = u64;
+}
+

实现一个空对象

接下来我们实现一个最简单的空对象 DummyObject，并为它实现 KernelObject 接口：

use spin::Mutex;
+
+/// 空对象
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DummyObject {
+    id: KoID,
+    inner: Mutex<DummyObjectInner>,
+}
+
+/// `DummyObject` 的内部可变部分
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+struct DummyObjectInner {
+    name: String,
+}
+

使用自旋锁引入了新的依赖库 spin ，需要在 Cargo.toml 中加入以下声明：

[dependencies]
+spin = "0.5"
+

然后我们为新对象实现构造函数：

use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use core::sync::atomic::*;
+
+impl DummyObject {
+    /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
+    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(DummyObject {
+            id: Self::new_koid(),
+            inner: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// 生成一个唯一的 ID
+    fn new_koid() -> KoID {
+        static NEXT_KOID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1024);
+        NEXT_KOID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+}
+

另外注意这里 new 函数返回类型不是 Self 而是 Arc<Self>，这是为了以后方便而做的统一约定。

最后我们为它实现 KernelObject 接口：

impl KernelObject for DummyObject {
+    fn id(&self) -> KoID {
+        self.id
+    }
+    fn type_name(&self) -> &str {
+        "DummyObject"
+    }
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        self.inner.lock().name.clone()
+    }
+    fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {
+        self.inner.lock().name = String::from(name);
+    }
+}
+

为了证明上面代码的正确性，我们写一个简单的单元测试，替换掉自带的 it_works 函数：

#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn dummy_object() {
+        let o1 = DummyObject::new();
+        let o2 = DummyObject::new();
+        assert_ne!(o1.id(), o2.id());
+        assert_eq!(o1.type_name(), "DummyObject");
+        assert_eq!(o1.name(), "");
+        o1.set_name("object1");
+        assert_eq!(o1.name(), "object1");
+    }
+}
+

$ cargo test
+    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.53s
+     Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::dummy_object ... ok
+

大功告成！让我们用 cargo fmt 命令格式化一下代码，然后记得 git commit 及时保存进展。

实现接口到具体类型的向下转换

在大部分编程语言中，向下转换都是一件非常轻松的事情。例如在 C/C++ 中，我们可以这样写：

struct KernelObject {...};
+struct DummyObject: KernelObject {...};
+
+KernelObject *base = ...;
+// C 风格：强制类型转换
+DummyObject *dummy = (DummyObject*)(base);
+// C++ 风格：动态类型转换
+DummyObject *dummy = dynamic_cast<DummyObject*>(base);
+


+#![allow(unused)]
+fn main() {
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+trait KernelObject: Any + Send + Sync {}
+fn downcast_v1<T: KernelObject>(object: Arc<dyn KernelObject>) -> Arc<T> {
+    object.downcast::<T>().unwrap()
+}
+fn downcast_v2<T: KernelObject>(object: Arc<dyn KernelObject>) -> Arc<T> {
+    let object: Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync + 'static> = object;
+    object.downcast::<T>().unwrap()
+}
+}
+

当然这个问题也困扰了 Rust 社区中的很多人。目前已经有人提出了一套不错的解决方案，就是我们接下来要引入的 downcast-rs 库：

[dependencies]
+downcast-rs = { version = "1.2.0", default-features = false }
+

（题外话：这个库原来是不支持 no_std 的，zCore 有这个需求，于是就顺便帮他实现了一把）

按照它文档的描述，我们要为自己的接口实现向下转换，只需以下修改：

use core::fmt::Debug;
+use downcast_rs::{impl_downcast, DowncastSync};
+
+pub trait KernelObject: DowncastSync + Debug {...}
+impl_downcast!(sync KernelObject);
+

#[test]
+fn downcast() {
+    let dummy = DummyObject::new();
+    let object: Arc<dyn KernelObject> = dummy;
+    let _result: Arc<DummyObject> = object.downcast_arc::<DummyObject>().unwrap();
+}
+

$ cargo test
+    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s
+     Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
+
+running 2 tests
+test object::downcast ... ok
+test object::tests::dummy_object ... ok
+

模拟继承：用宏自动生成接口实现代码

+
继承野蛮，trait 文明。 —— 某 Rust 爱好者
+

具体做法是这样的：

使用一个 struct 来提供所有的公共属性和方法，作为所有子类的第一个成员。
为子类实现 trait 接口，所有方法直接委托给内部 struct 完成。这部分使用宏来自动生成模板代码。

而所谓的内部 struct，其实就是我们上面实现的 DummyObject。为了更好地体现它的功能，我们给他改个名叫 KObjectBase：

/// 内核对象核心结构
+pub struct KObjectBase {
+    /// 对象 ID
+    pub id: KoID,
+    inner: Mutex<KObjectBaseInner>,
+}
+
+/// `KObjectBase` 的内部可变部分
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct KObjectBaseInner {
+    name: String,
+}
+

接下来我们把它的构造函数改为实现 Default trait，并且公共属性和方法都指定为 pub：

impl Default for KObjectBase {
+    /// 创建一个新 `KObjectBase`
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        KObjectBase {
+            id: Self::new_koid(),
+            inner: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl KObjectBase {
+    /// 生成一个唯一的 ID
+    fn new_koid() -> KoID {...}
+    /// 获取对象名称
+    pub fn name(&self) -> String {...}
+    /// 设置对象名称
+    pub fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {...}
+}
+

最后来写一个魔法的宏！

/// 为内核对象 struct 自动实现 `KernelObject` trait 的宏。
+#[macro_export] // 导出宏，可在 crate 外部使用
+macro_rules! impl_kobject {
+    // 匹配类型名，并可以提供函数覆盖默认实现
+    ($class:ident $( $fn:tt )*) => {
+        // 为对象实现 KernelObject trait，方法直接转发到内部 struct
+        impl KernelObject for $class {
+            fn id(&self) -> KoID {
+                // 直接访问内部的 pub 属性
+                self.base.id
+            }
+            fn type_name(&self) -> &str {
+                // 用 stringify! 宏将输入转成字符串
+                stringify!($class)
+            }
+            // 注意宏里面的类型要写完整路径，例如：alloc::string::String
+            fn name(&self) -> alloc::string::String {
+                self.base.name()
+            }
+            fn set_name(&self, name: &str){
+                // 直接访问内部的 pub 方法
+                self.base.set_name(name)
+            }
+            // 可以传入任意数量的函数，覆盖 trait 的默认实现
+            $( $fn )*
+        }
+        // 为对象实现 Debug trait
+        impl core::fmt::Debug for $class {
+            fn fmt(
+                &self,
+                f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> core::result::Result<(), core::fmt::Error> {
+                // 输出对象类型、ID 和名称
+                f.debug_tuple(&stringify!($class))
+                    .field(&self.id())
+                    .field(&self.name())
+                    .finish()
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+

轮子已经造好了！让我们看看如何用它方便地实现一个内核对象，仍以 DummyObject 为例：

/// 空对象
+pub struct DummyObject {
+    // 其中必须包含一个名为 `base` 的 `KObjectBase`
+    base: KObjectBase,
+}
+
+// 使用刚才的宏，声明其为内核对象，自动生成必要的代码
+impl_kobject!(DummyObject);
+
+impl DummyObject {
+    /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
+    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(DummyObject {
+            base: KObjectBase::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+

是不是方便了很多？最后按照惯例，用单元测试检验实现的正确性：

#[test]
+fn impl_kobject() {
+    use alloc::format;
+    let dummy = DummyObject::new();
+    let object: Arc<dyn KernelObject> = dummy;
+    assert_eq!(object.type_name(), "DummyObject");
+    assert_eq!(object.name(), "");
+    object.set_name("dummy");
+    assert_eq!(object.name(), "dummy");
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{:?}", object),
+        format!("DummyObject({}, \"dummy\")", object.id())
+    );
+    let _result: Arc<DummyObject> = object.downcast_arc::<DummyObject>().unwrap();
+}
+

#[KernelObject]
+pub struct DummyObject;
+

总结

在这一节中我们用 Rust 语言实现了 Zircon 最核心的内核对象概念。在此过程中涉及到 Rust 的一系列语言特性和设计模式：

使用 trait 实现接口
使用 内部可变性 模式实现并发对象
基于社区解决方案实现 trait 到 struct 的 向下转换
使用组合模拟继承，并使用宏实现模板代码的自动生成

在下一节中，我们将介绍内核对象相关的另外两个概念：句柄和权限，并实现内核对象的存储和访问。

对象管理器：Process 对象

句柄和权限

实现第一个内核对象

存储内核对象句柄

根据句柄查找内核对象

对象传送器：Channel 对象

创建一对内核对象

实现数据传输

任务管理

Zircon 任务管理体系

硬件抽象层与异步运行时

线程管理：Thread 对象

进程管理：Process 与 Job 对象

内存管理

Zircon 内存管理模型

物理内存：VMO 对象

虚拟内存：VMAR 对象

用户程序

Zircon 用户程序

加载 ELF 文件

上下文切换

系统调用

+ +

+ + +

+ + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/searcher.js b/searcher.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1cc806 --- /dev/null +++ b/searcher.js @@ -0,0 +1,477 @@ +"use strict"; +window.search = window.search || {}; +(function search(search) { + // Search functionality + // + // You can use !hasFocus() to prevent keyhandling in your key + // event handlers while the user is typing their search. + + if (!Mark || !elasticlunr) { + return; + } + + //IE 11 Compatibility from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/startsWith + if (!String.prototype.startsWith) { + String.prototype.startsWith = function(search, pos) { + return this.substr(!pos || pos < 0 ? 0 : +pos, search.length) === search; + }; + } + + var search_wrap = document.getElementById('search-wrapper'), + searchbar = document.getElementById('searchbar'), + searchbar_outer = document.getElementById('searchbar-outer'), + searchresults = document.getElementById('searchresults'), + searchresults_outer = document.getElementById('searchresults-outer'), + searchresults_header = document.getElementById('searchresults-header'), + searchicon = document.getElementById('search-toggle'), + content = document.getElementById('content'), + + searchindex = null, + doc_urls = [], + results_options = { + teaser_word_count: 30, + limit_results: 30, + }, + search_options = { + bool: "AND", + expand: true, + fields: { + title: {boost: 1}, + body: {boost: 1}, + breadcrumbs: {boost: 0} + } + }, + mark_exclude = [], + marker = new Mark(content), + current_searchterm = "", + URL_SEARCH_PARAM = 'search', + URL_MARK_PARAM = 'highlight', + teaser_count = 0, + + SEARCH_HOTKEY_KEYCODE = 83, + ESCAPE_KEYCODE = 27, + DOWN_KEYCODE = 40, + UP_KEYCODE = 38, + SELECT_KEYCODE = 13; + + function hasFocus() { + return searchbar === document.activeElement; + } + + function removeChildren(elem) { + while (elem.firstChild) { + elem.removeChild(elem.firstChild); + } + } + + // Helper to parse a url into its building blocks. + function parseURL(url) { + var a = document.createElement('a'); + a.href = url; + return { + source: url, + protocol: a.protocol.replace(':',''), + host: a.hostname, + port: a.port, + params: (function(){ + var ret = {}; + var seg = a.search.replace(/^\?/,'').split('&'); + var len = seg.length, i = 0, s; + for (;i': '>', + '"': '"', + "'": ''' + }; + var repl = function(c) { return MAP[c]; }; + return function(s) { + return s.replace(/[&<>'"]/g, repl); + }; + })(); + + function formatSearchMetric(count, searchterm) { + if (count == 1) { + return count + " search result for '" + searchterm + "':"; + } else if (count == 0) { + return "No search results for '" + searchterm + "'."; + } else { + return count + " search results for '" + searchterm + "':"; + } + } + + function formatSearchResult(result, searchterms) { + var teaser = makeTeaser(escapeHTML(result.doc.body), searchterms); + teaser_count++; + + // The ?URL_MARK_PARAM= parameter belongs inbetween the page and the #heading-anchor + var url = doc_urls[result.ref].split("#"); + if (url.length == 1) { // no anchor found + url.push(""); + } + + return '' + result.doc.breadcrumbs + '' + + '' + + teaser + ''; + } + + function makeTeaser(body, searchterms) { + // The strategy is as follows: + // First, assign a value to each word in the document: + // Words that correspond to search terms (stemmer aware): 40 + // Normal words: 2 + // First word in a sentence: 8 + // Then use a sliding window with a constant number of words and count the + // sum of the values of the words within the window. Then use the window that got the + // maximum sum. If there are multiple maximas, then get the last one. + // Enclose the terms in . + var stemmed_searchterms = searchterms.map(function(w) { + return elasticlunr.stemmer(w.toLowerCase()); + }); + var searchterm_weight = 40; + var weighted = []; // contains elements of ["word", weight, index_in_document] + // split in sentences, then words + var sentences = body.toLowerCase().split('. '); + var index = 0; + var value = 0; + var searchterm_found = false; + for (var sentenceindex in sentences) { + var words = sentences[sentenceindex].split(' '); + value = 8; + for (var wordindex in words) { + var word = words[wordindex]; + if (word.length > 0) { + for (var searchtermindex in stemmed_searchterms) { + if (elasticlunr.stemmer(word).startsWith(stemmed_searchterms[searchtermindex])) { + value = searchterm_weight; + searchterm_found = true; + } + }; + weighted.push([word, value, index]); + value = 2; + } + index += word.length; + index += 1; // ' ' or '.' if last word in sentence + }; + index += 1; // because we split at a two-char boundary '. ' + }; + + if (weighted.length == 0) { + return body; + } + + var window_weight = []; + var window_size = Math.min(weighted.length, results_options.teaser_word_count); + + var cur_sum = 0; + for (var wordindex = 0; wordindex < window_size; wordindex++) { + cur_sum += weighted[wordindex][1]; + }; + window_weight.push(cur_sum); + for (var wordindex = 0; wordindex < weighted.length - window_size; wordindex++) { + cur_sum -= weighted[wordindex][1]; + cur_sum += weighted[wordindex + window_size][1]; + window_weight.push(cur_sum); + }; + + if (searchterm_found) { + var max_sum = 0; + var max_sum_window_index = 0; + // backwards + for (var i = window_weight.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { + if (window_weight[i] > max_sum) { + max_sum = window_weight[i]; + max_sum_window_index = i; + } + }; + } else { + max_sum_window_index = 0; + } + + // add around searchterms + var teaser_split = []; + var index = weighted[max_sum_window_index][2]; + for (var i = max_sum_window_index; i < max_sum_window_index+window_size; i++) { + var word = weighted[i]; + if (index < word[2]) { + // missing text from index to start of `word` + teaser_split.push(body.substring(index, word[2])); + index = word[2]; + } + if (word[1] == searchterm_weight) { + teaser_split.push("") + } + index = word[2] + word[0].length; + teaser_split.push(body.substring(word[2], index)); + if (word[1] == searchterm_weight) { + teaser_split.push("") + } + }; + + return teaser_split.join(''); + } + + function init(config) { + results_options = config.results_options; + search_options = config.search_options; + searchbar_outer = config.searchbar_outer; + doc_urls = config.doc_urls; + searchindex = elasticlunr.Index.load(config.index); + + // Set up events + searchicon.addEventListener('click', function(e) { searchIconClickHandler(); }, false); + searchbar.addEventListener('keyup', function(e) { searchbarKeyUpHandler(); }, false); + document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) { globalKeyHandler(e); }, false); + // If the user uses the browser buttons, do the same as if a reload happened + window.onpopstate = function(e) { doSearchOrMarkFromUrl(); }; + // Suppress "submit" events so the page doesn't reload when the user presses Enter + document.addEventListener('submit', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); }, false); + + // If reloaded, do the search or mark again, depending on the current url parameters + doSearchOrMarkFromUrl(); + } + + function unfocusSearchbar() { + // hacky, but just focusing a div only works once + var tmp = document.createElement('input'); + tmp.setAttribute('style', 'position: absolute; opacity: 0;'); + searchicon.appendChild(tmp); + tmp.focus(); + tmp.remove(); + } + + // On reload or browser history backwards/forwards events, parse the url and do search or mark + function doSearchOrMarkFromUrl() { + // Check current URL for search request + var url = parseURL(window.location.href); + if (url.params.hasOwnProperty(URL_SEARCH_PARAM) + && url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] != "") { + showSearch(true); + searchbar.value = decodeURIComponent( + (url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM]+'').replace(/\+/g, '%20')); + searchbarKeyUpHandler(); // -> doSearch() + } else { + showSearch(false); + } + + if (url.params.hasOwnProperty(URL_MARK_PARAM)) { + var words = url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM].split(' '); + marker.mark(words, { + exclude: mark_exclude + }); + + var markers = document.querySelectorAll("mark"); + function hide() { + for (var i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) { + markers[i].classList.add("fade-out"); + window.setTimeout(function(e) { marker.unmark(); }, 300); + } + } + for (var i = 0; i < markers.length; i++) { + markers[i].addEventListener('click', hide); + } + } + } + + // Eventhandler for keyevents on `document` + function globalKeyHandler(e) { + if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey || e.target.type === 'textarea' || e.target.type === 'text') { return; } + + if (e.keyCode === ESCAPE_KEYCODE) { + e.preventDefault(); + searchbar.classList.remove("active"); + setSearchUrlParameters("", + (searchbar.value.trim() !== "") ? "push" : "replace"); + if (hasFocus()) { + unfocusSearchbar(); + } + showSearch(false); + marker.unmark(); + } else if (!hasFocus() && e.keyCode === SEARCH_HOTKEY_KEYCODE) { + e.preventDefault(); + showSearch(true); + window.scrollTo(0, 0); + searchbar.select(); + } else if (hasFocus() && e.keyCode === DOWN_KEYCODE) { + e.preventDefault(); + unfocusSearchbar(); + searchresults.firstElementChild.classList.add("focus"); + } else if (!hasFocus() && (e.keyCode === DOWN_KEYCODE + || e.keyCode === UP_KEYCODE + || e.keyCode === SELECT_KEYCODE)) { + // not `:focus` because browser does annoying scrolling + var focused = searchresults.querySelector("li.focus"); + if (!focused) return; + e.preventDefault(); + if (e.keyCode === DOWN_KEYCODE) { + var next = focused.nextElementSibling; + if (next) { + focused.classList.remove("focus"); + next.classList.add("focus"); + } + } else if (e.keyCode === UP_KEYCODE) { + focused.classList.remove("focus"); + var prev = focused.previousElementSibling; + if (prev) { + prev.classList.add("focus"); + } else { + searchbar.select(); + } + } else { // SELECT_KEYCODE + window.location.assign(focused.querySelector('a')); + } + } + } + + function showSearch(yes) { + if (yes) { + search_wrap.classList.remove('hidden'); + searchicon.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true'); + } else { + search_wrap.classList.add('hidden'); + searchicon.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false'); + var results = searchresults.children; + for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) { + results[i].classList.remove("focus"); + } + } + } + + function showResults(yes) { + if (yes) { + searchresults_outer.classList.remove('hidden'); + } else { + searchresults_outer.classList.add('hidden'); + } + } + + // Eventhandler for search icon + function searchIconClickHandler() { + if (search_wrap.classList.contains('hidden')) { + showSearch(true); + window.scrollTo(0, 0); + searchbar.select(); + } else { + showSearch(false); + } + } + + // Eventhandler for keyevents while the searchbar is focused + function searchbarKeyUpHandler() { + var searchterm = searchbar.value.trim(); + if (searchterm != "") { + searchbar.classList.add("active"); + doSearch(searchterm); + } else { + searchbar.classList.remove("active"); + showResults(false); + removeChildren(searchresults); + } + + setSearchUrlParameters(searchterm, "push_if_new_search_else_replace"); + + // Remove marks + marker.unmark(); + } + + // Update current url with ?URL_SEARCH_PARAM= parameter, remove ?URL_MARK_PARAM and #heading-anchor . + // `action` can be one of "push", "replace", "push_if_new_search_else_replace" + // and replaces or pushes a new browser history item. + // "push_if_new_search_else_replace" pushes if there is no `?URL_SEARCH_PARAM=abc` yet. + function setSearchUrlParameters(searchterm, action) { + var url = parseURL(window.location.href); + var first_search = ! url.params.hasOwnProperty(URL_SEARCH_PARAM); + if (searchterm != "" || action == "push_if_new_search_else_replace") { + url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM] = searchterm; + delete url.params[URL_MARK_PARAM]; + url.hash = ""; + } else { + delete url.params[URL_SEARCH_PARAM]; + } + // A new search will also add a new history item, so the user can go back + // to the page prior to searching. A updated search term will only replace + // the url. + if (action == "push" || (action == "push_if_new_search_else_replace" && first_search) ) { + history.pushState({}, document.title, renderURL(url)); + } else if (action == "replace" || (action == "push_if_new_search_else_replace" && !first_search) ) { + history.replaceState({}, document.title, renderURL(url)); + } + } + + function doSearch(searchterm) { + + // Don't search the same twice + if (current_searchterm == searchterm) { return; } + else { current_searchterm = searchterm; } + + if (searchindex == null) { return; } + + // Do the actual search + var results = searchindex.search(searchterm, search_options); + var resultcount = Math.min(results.length, results_options.limit_results); + + // Display search metrics + searchresults_header.innerText = formatSearchMetric(resultcount, searchterm); + + // Clear and insert results + var searchterms = searchterm.split(' '); + removeChildren(searchresults); + for(var i = 0; i < resultcount ; i++){ + var resultElem = document.createElement('li'); + resultElem.innerHTML = formatSearchResult(results[i], searchterms); + searchresults.appendChild(resultElem); + } + + // Display results + showResults(true); + } + + fetch(path_to_root + 'searchindex.json') + .then(response => response.json()) + .then(json => init(json)) + .catch(error => { // Try to load searchindex.js if fetch failed + var script = document.createElement('script'); + script.src = path_to_root + 'searchindex.js'; + script.onload = () => init(window.search); + document.head.appendChild(script); + }); + + // Exported functions + search.hasFocus = hasFocus; +})(window.search); diff --git a/searchindex.js b/searchindex.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4add18c --- /dev/null +++ b/searchindex.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Object.assign(window.search, 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zCore 教程","id":"0","title":"简明 zCore 教程"},"1":{"body":"zCore 是用 Rust 语言重写的 Zircon 微内核，它是 Google 正在开发的 Fuchsia OS 中的底层内核。本教程基于 zCore 的真实开发历史，还原其开发过程。带领读者一步一步用 Rust 实现自己的 Zircon 内核，最终能够运行原生的 shell 程序。在此过程中我们将体会 Zircon 微内核的设计理念，感受如何用 Rust 语言以一种现代的方式编写系统软件，在项目中实现理论与实践的融合。与传统操作系统开发不同的是，zCore 使用一种自顶向下的方法：首先基于宿主系统已有的功能，在用户态实现一个能够工作的 libOS，然后再逐步替换底层实现， \"移植\"回裸机环境中运行。因此我们更关注系统的整体设计，从高层视角看待 OS 如何为用户提供服务，而不纠结于底层硬件细节。鉴于此，本教程假设读者了解操作系统基本概念和原理，具有常用的 Linux 系统使用经验，并且会使用 Rust 语言编写简单程序。如果读者不熟悉操作系统和 Rust 语言，希望以自底向上方法从零构建操作系统， rCore Tutorial 可能是更好的选择。如果你准备好了，让我们开始吧！","breadcrumbs":"自己动手山寨操作系统：自顶向下方法","id":"1","title":"自己动手山寨操作系统：自顶向下方法"},"10":{"body":"在系统调用中，用户进程会传入一个内核对象的句柄，然后内核会根据系统调用的类型，尝试将其转换成特定类型的对象。于是这里产生了一个很重要的需求：将接口 Arc 转换成具体类型的结构 Arc where T: KernelObject。这种操作在面向对象语言中称为向下转换（downcast）。在大部分编程语言中，向下转换都是一件非常轻松的事情。例如在 C/C++ 中，我们可以这样写： struct KernelObject {...};\nstruct DummyObject: KernelObject {...}; KernelObject *base = ...;\n// C 风格：强制类型转换\nDummyObject *dummy = (DummyObject*)(base);\n// C++ 风格：动态类型转换\nDummyObject *dummy = dynamic_cast(base); 但在 Rust 中，由于其 trait 模型的限制，向下转换并不是一件容易的事情。虽然标准库中提供了 Any trait，部分实现了动态类型的功能，但实际操作起来却困难重重。不信邪的同学可以自己折腾一下： #use std::any::Any;\n#use std::sync::Arc;\ntrait KernelObject: Any + Send + Sync {}\nfn downcast_v1(object: Arc) -> Arc { object.downcast::().unwrap()\n}\nfn downcast_v2(object: Arc) -> Arc { let object: Arc = object; object.downcast::().unwrap()\n} 当然这个问题也困扰了 Rust 社区中的很多人。目前已经有人提出了一套不错的解决方案，就是我们接下来要引入的 downcast-rs 库： [dependencies]\ndowncast-rs = { version = \"1.2.0\", default-features = false } （题外话：这个库原来是不支持 no_std 的，zCore 有这个需求，于是就顺便帮他实现了一把）按照它文档的描述，我们要为自己的接口实现向下转换，只需以下修改： use core::fmt::Debug;\nuse downcast_rs::{impl_downcast, DowncastSync}; pub trait KernelObject: DowncastSync + Debug {...}\nimpl_downcast!(sync KernelObject); 其中 DowncastSync 代替了原来的 Send + Sync，Debug 用于出错时输出调试信息。 impl_downcast! 宏用来帮我们自动生成转换函数，然后就可以用 downcast_arc 来对 Arc 做向下转换了。我们直接来测试一把： #[test]\nfn downcast() { let dummy = DummyObject::new(); let object: Arc = dummy; let _result: Arc = object.downcast_arc::().unwrap();\n} $ cargo test Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13 running 2 tests\ntest object::downcast ... ok\ntest object::tests::dummy_object ... ok","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现接口到具体类型的向下转换","id":"10","title":"实现接口到具体类型的向下转换"},"11":{"body":"上面我们已经完整实现了一个内核对象，代码看起来很简洁。但当我们要实现更多对象的时候，就会发现一个问题：这些对象拥有一些公共属性，接口方法也有共同的实现。在传统 OOP 语言中，我们通常使用继承（inheritance）来复用这些公共代码：子类 B 可以继承父类 A，然后自动拥有父类的所有字段和方法。继承是一个很强大的功能，但在长期实践中人们也逐渐发现了它的弊端。有兴趣的读者可以看一看知乎上的探讨：面向对象编程的弊端是什么？。经典著作《设计模式》中就鼓励大家使用组合代替继承。而一些现代的编程语言，如 Go 和 Rust，甚至直接抛弃了继承。在 Rust 中，通常使用组合结构和 Deref trait 来部分模拟继承。继承野蛮，trait 文明。 —— 某 Rust 爱好者接下来我们模仿 downcast-rs 库的做法，使用一种基于宏的代码生成方案，来实现 KernelObject 的继承。当然这只是抛砖引玉，如果读者自己实现了，或者了解到社区中有更好的解决方案，也欢迎指出。具体做法是这样的：使用一个 struct 来提供所有的公共属性和方法，作为所有子类的第一个成员。为子类实现 trait 接口，所有方法直接委托给内部 struct 完成。这部分使用宏来自动生成模板代码。而所谓的内部 struct，其实就是我们上面实现的 DummyObject。为了更好地体现它的功能，我们给他改个名叫 KObjectBase： /// 内核对象核心结构\npub struct KObjectBase { /// 对象 ID pub id: KoID, inner: Mutex,\n} /// `KObjectBase` 的内部可变部分\n#[derive(Default)]\nstruct KObjectBaseInner { name: String,\n} 接下来我们把它的构造函数改为实现 Default trait，并且公共属性和方法都指定为 pub： impl Default for KObjectBase { /// 创建一个新 `KObjectBase` fn default() -> Self { KObjectBase { id: Self::new_koid(), inner: Default::default(), } }\n}\nimpl KObjectBase { /// 生成一个唯一的 ID fn new_koid() -> KoID {...} /// 获取对象名称 pub fn name(&self) -> String {...} /// 设置对象名称 pub fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {...}\n} 最后来写一个魔法的宏！ /// 为内核对象 struct 自动实现 `KernelObject` trait 的宏。\n#[macro_export] // 导出宏，可在 crate 外部使用\nmacro_rules! impl_kobject { // 匹配类型名，并可以提供函数覆盖默认实现 ($class:ident $( $fn:tt )*) => { // 为对象实现 KernelObject trait，方法直接转发到内部 struct impl KernelObject for $class { fn id(&self) -> KoID { // 直接访问内部的 pub 属性 self.base.id } fn type_name(&self) -> &str { // 用 stringify! 宏将输入转成字符串 stringify!($class) } // 注意宏里面的类型要写完整路径，例如：alloc::string::String fn name(&self) -> alloc::string::String { self.base.name() } fn set_name(&self, name: &str){ // 直接访问内部的 pub 方法 self.base.set_name(name) } // 可以传入任意数量的函数，覆盖 trait 的默认实现 $( $fn )* } // 为对象实现 Debug trait impl core::fmt::Debug for $class { fn fmt( &self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>, ) -> core::result::Result<(), core::fmt::Error> { // 输出对象类型、ID 和名称 f.debug_tuple(&stringify!($class)) .field(&self.id()) .field(&self.name()) .finish() } } };\n} 轮子已经造好了！让我们看看如何用它方便地实现一个内核对象，仍以 DummyObject 为例： /// 空对象\npub struct DummyObject { // 其中必须包含一个名为 `base` 的 `KObjectBase` base: KObjectBase,\n} // 使用刚才的宏，声明其为内核对象，自动生成必要的代码\nimpl_kobject!(DummyObject); impl DummyObject { /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject` pub fn new() -> Arc { Arc::new(DummyObject { base: KObjectBase::default(), }) }\n} 是不是方便了很多？最后按照惯例，用单元测试检验实现的正确性： #[test]\nfn impl_kobject() { use alloc::format; let dummy = DummyObject::new(); let object: Arc = dummy; assert_eq!(object.type_name(), \"DummyObject\"); assert_eq!(object.name(), \"\"); object.set_name(\"dummy\"); assert_eq!(object.name(), \"dummy\"); assert_eq!( format!(\"{:?}\", object), format!(\"DummyObject({}, \\\"dummy\\\")\", object.id()) ); let _result: Arc = object.downcast_arc::().unwrap();\n} 有兴趣的读者可以继续探索使用功能更强大的过程宏（proc_macro），进一步简化实现新内核对象所需的模板代码。如果能把上面的代码块缩小成下面这两行，就更加完美了： #[KernelObject]\npub struct DummyObject;","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 模拟继承：用宏自动生成接口实现代码","id":"11","title":"模拟继承：用宏自动生成接口实现代码"},"12":{"body":"在这一节中我们用 Rust 语言实现了 Zircon 最核心的内核对象概念。在此过程中涉及到 Rust 的一系列语言特性和设计模式：使用 trait 实现接口使用内部可变性模式实现并发对象基于社区解决方案实现 trait 到 struct 的向下转换使用组合模拟继承，并使用宏实现模板代码的自动生成由于 Rust 独特的面向对象编程特性，我们在实现内核对象的过程中遇到了一定的挑战。不过万事开头难，解决这些问题为整个项目打下了坚实基础，后面实现新的内核对象就会变得简单很多。在下一节中，我们将介绍内核对象相关的另外两个概念：句柄和权限，并实现内核对象的存储和访问。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 总结","id":"12","title":"总结"},"13":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 对象管理器：Process 对象","id":"13","title":"对象管理器：Process 对象"},"14":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 句柄和权限","id":"14","title":"句柄和权限"},"15":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现第一个内核对象","id":"15","title":"实现第一个内核对象"},"16":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 存储内核对象句柄","id":"16","title":"存储内核对象句柄"},"17":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 根据句柄查找内核对象","id":"17","title":"根据句柄查找内核对象"},"18":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 对象传送器：Channel 对象","id":"18","title":"对象传送器：Channel 对象"},"19":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 创建一对内核对象","id":"19","title":"创建一对内核对象"},"2":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"zCore 整体结构和设计模式","id":"2","title":"zCore 整体结构和设计模式"},"20":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现数据传输","id":"20","title":"实现数据传输"},"21":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"任务管理","id":"21","title":"任务管理"},"22":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"任务管理 » Zircon 任务管理体系","id":"22","title":"Zircon 任务管理体系"},"23":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"任务管理 » 硬件抽象层与异步运行时","id":"23","title":"硬件抽象层与异步运行时"},"24":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"任务管理 » 线程管理：Thread 对象","id":"24","title":"线程管理：Thread 对象"},"25":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"任务管理 » 进程管理：Process 与 Job 对象","id":"25","title":"进程管理：Process 与 Job 对象"},"26":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内存管理","id":"26","title":"内存管理"},"27":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内存管理 » Zircon 内存管理模型","id":"27","title":"Zircon 内存管理模型"},"28":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内存管理 » 物理内存：VMO 对象","id":"28","title":"物理内存：VMO 对象"},"29":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内存管理 » 虚拟内存：VMAR 对象","id":"29","title":"虚拟内存：VMAR 对象"},"3":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核","id":"3","title":"Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核"},"30":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"用户程序","id":"30","title":"用户程序"},"31":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"用户程序 » Zircon 用户程序","id":"31","title":"Zircon 用户程序"},"32":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"用户程序 » 加载 ELF 文件","id":"32","title":"加载 ELF 文件"},"33":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"用户程序 » 上下文切换","id":"33","title":"上下文切换"},"34":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"用户程序 » 系统调用","id":"34","title":"系统调用"},"4":{"body":"Zircon 是一个基于内核对象的系统。系统的功能被划分到若干组内核对象中。作为一切的开始，本章首先构造了一个内核对象框架，作为后面实现的基础。然后我们实现第一个内核对象 —— Process，它是所有对象的容器，也是将来我们操作对象的入口点。最后会实现一个稍微复杂但是极其重要的对象 Channel，它是进程间通信（ IPC ）的基础设施，也是传送对象的唯一管道。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象","id":"4","title":"内核对象"},"5":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 初识内核对象","id":"5","title":"初识内核对象"},"6":{"body":"TODO 详细内容可参考 Fuchsia 官方文档：内核对象。在这一节中我们将在 Rust 中实现内核对象的概念。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 内核对象简介","id":"6","title":"内核对象简介"},"7":{"body":"首先我们需要安装 Rust 工具链。在 Linux 或 macOS 系统下，只需要用一个命令下载安装 rustup 即可： $ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh 具体安装方法可以参考官方文档。接下来我们用 cargo 创建一个 Rust 库项目： $ cargo new --lib zcore\n$ cd zcore 我们将在这个 crate 中实现所有的内核对象，以库（lib）而不是可执行文件（bin）的形式组织代码，后面我们会依赖单元测试保证代码的正确性。由于我们会用到一些不稳定（unstable）的语言特性，需要使用 nightly 版本的工具链。在项目根目录下创建一个 rust-toolchain 文件，指明使用的工具链版本： nightly-2020-06-04 这个程序库目前是在你的 Linux 或 macOS 上运行，但有朝一日它会成为一个真正的 OS 在裸机上运行。为此我们需要移除对标准库的依赖，使其成为一个不依赖当前 OS 功能的库。在 lib.rs 的第一行添加声明： #![no_std]\nextern crate alloc; 现在我们可以尝试运行一下自带的单元测试，编译器可能会自动下载并安装工具链： $ cargo test Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.52s Running target/debug/deps/zcore-dc6d43637bc5df7a running 1 test\ntest tests::it_works ... ok test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 建立项目","id":"7","title":"建立项目"},"8":{"body":"所有的内核对象有一系列共同的属性和方法，我们称这些方法为对象的公共接口（Interface）。同一种方法在不同类型的对象中可能会有不同的行为，在面向对象语言中我们称其为多态（Polymorphism）。 Rust 是一门部分面向对象的语言，我们通常用它的 trait 实现接口和多态。首先创建一个 KernelObject trait 作为内核对象的公共接口： /// 内核对象公共接口\npub trait KernelObject: Send + Sync { /// 获取对象 ID fn id(&self) -> KoID; /// 获取对象类型名 fn type_name(&self) -> &str; /// 获取对象名称 fn name(&self) -> String; /// 设置对象名称 fn set_name(&self, name: &str);\n} /// 对象 ID 类型\npub type KoID = u64; 这里的 Send + Sync 是一个约束所有 KernelObject 都要满足的前提条件，即它必须是一个并发对象。所谓并发对象指的是可以安全地被多线程共享访问。事实上我们的内核本身就是一个共享地址空间的多线程程序，在裸机上每个 CPU 核都可以被视为一个并发执行的线程。由于内核对象可能被多个线程同时访问，因此它必须是并发对象。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现 KernelObject 接口","id":"8","title":"实现 KernelObject 接口"},"9":{"body":"接下来我们实现一个最简单的空对象 DummyObject，并为它实现 KernelObject 接口： use spin::Mutex; /// 空对象\n#[derive(Debug)]\npub struct DummyObject { id: KoID, inner: Mutex,\n} /// `DummyObject` 的内部可变部分\n#[derive(Default, Debug)]\nstruct DummyObjectInner { name: String,\n} 这里我们采用一种内部可变性的设计模式：将对象的所有可变的部分封装到一个内部对象 DummyObjectInner 中，并在原对象中用自旋锁 Mutex 把它包起来，剩下的其它字段都是不可变的。 Mutex 会用最简单的方式帮我们处理好并发访问问题：如果有其他人正在访问，我就在这里死等。数据被 Mutex 包起来之后需要首先使用 lock() 拿到锁之后才能访问。此时并发访问已经安全，因此被包起来的结构自动具有了 Send + Sync 特性。使用自旋锁引入了新的依赖库 spin ，需要在 Cargo.toml 中加入以下声明： [dependencies]\nspin = \"0.5\" 然后我们为新对象实现构造函数： use alloc::sync::Arc;\nuse core::sync::atomic::*; impl DummyObject { /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject` pub fn new() -> Arc { Arc::new(DummyObject { id: Self::new_koid(), inner: Default::default(), }) } /// 生成一个唯一的 ID fn new_koid() -> KoID { static NEXT_KOID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1024); NEXT_KOID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) }\n} 根据文档描述，每个内核对象都有唯一的 ID。为此我们需要实现一个全局的 ID 分配方法。这里采用的方法是用一个静态变量存放下一个待分配 ID 值，每次分配就原子地 +1。 ID 类型使用 u64，保证了数值空间足够大，在有生之年都不用担心溢出问题。在 Zircon 中 ID 从 1024 开始分配，1024 以下保留作内核内部使用。另外注意这里 new 函数返回类型不是 Self 而是 Arc，这是为了以后方便而做的统一约定。最后我们为它实现 KernelObject 接口： impl KernelObject for DummyObject { fn id(&self) -> KoID { self.id } fn type_name(&self) -> &str { \"DummyObject\" } fn name(&self) -> String { self.inner.lock().name.clone() } fn set_name(&self, name: &str) { self.inner.lock().name = String::from(name); }\n} 到此为止，我们已经迈出了万里长征第一步，实现了一个最简单的功能。有实现，就要有测试！即使最简单的代码也要保证它的行为符合我们预期。只有对现有代码进行充分测试，在未来做添加和修改的时候，我们才有信心不会把事情搞砸。俗话讲\"万丈高楼平地起\"，把地基打好才能盖摩天大楼。为了证明上面代码的正确性，我们写一个简单的单元测试，替换掉自带的 it_works 函数： #[cfg(test)]\nmod tests { use super::*; #[test] fn dummy_object() { let o1 = DummyObject::new(); let o2 = DummyObject::new(); assert_ne!(o1.id(), o2.id()); assert_eq!(o1.type_name(), \"DummyObject\"); assert_eq!(o1.name(), \"\"); o1.set_name(\"object1\"); assert_eq!(o1.name(), \"object1\"); }\n} $ cargo test Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.53s Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13 running 1 test\ntest tests::dummy_object ... ok 大功告成！让我们用 cargo fmt 命令格式化一下代码，然后记得 git commit 及时保存进展。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 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zCore 教程","id":"0","title":"简明 zCore 教程"},"1":{"body":"zCore 是用 Rust 语言重写的 Zircon 微内核，它是 Google 正在开发的 Fuchsia OS 中的底层内核。本教程基于 zCore 的真实开发历史，还原其开发过程。带领读者一步一步用 Rust 实现自己的 Zircon 内核，最终能够运行原生的 shell 程序。在此过程中我们将体会 Zircon 微内核的设计理念，感受如何用 Rust 语言以一种现代的方式编写系统软件，在项目中实现理论与实践的融合。与传统操作系统开发不同的是，zCore 使用一种自顶向下的方法：首先基于宿主系统已有的功能，在用户态实现一个能够工作的 libOS，然后再逐步替换底层实现， \"移植\"回裸机环境中运行。因此我们更关注系统的整体设计，从高层视角看待 OS 如何为用户提供服务，而不纠结于底层硬件细节。鉴于此，本教程假设读者了解操作系统基本概念和原理，具有常用的 Linux 系统使用经验，并且会使用 Rust 语言编写简单程序。如果读者不熟悉操作系统和 Rust 语言，希望以自底向上方法从零构建操作系统， rCore Tutorial 可能是更好的选择。如果你准备好了，让我们开始吧！","breadcrumbs":"自己动手山寨操作系统：自顶向下方法","id":"1","title":"自己动手山寨操作系统：自顶向下方法"},"10":{"body":"在系统调用中，用户进程会传入一个内核对象的句柄，然后内核会根据系统调用的类型，尝试将其转换成特定类型的对象。于是这里产生了一个很重要的需求：将接口 Arc 转换成具体类型的结构 Arc where T: KernelObject。这种操作在面向对象语言中称为向下转换（downcast）。在大部分编程语言中，向下转换都是一件非常轻松的事情。例如在 C/C++ 中，我们可以这样写： struct KernelObject {...};\nstruct DummyObject: KernelObject {...}; KernelObject *base = ...;\n// C 风格：强制类型转换\nDummyObject *dummy = (DummyObject*)(base);\n// C++ 风格：动态类型转换\nDummyObject *dummy = dynamic_cast(base); 但在 Rust 中，由于其 trait 模型的限制，向下转换并不是一件容易的事情。虽然标准库中提供了 Any trait，部分实现了动态类型的功能，但实际操作起来却困难重重。不信邪的同学可以自己折腾一下： #use std::any::Any;\n#use std::sync::Arc;\ntrait KernelObject: Any + Send + Sync {}\nfn downcast_v1(object: Arc) -> Arc { object.downcast::().unwrap()\n}\nfn downcast_v2(object: Arc) -> Arc { let object: Arc = object; object.downcast::().unwrap()\n} 当然这个问题也困扰了 Rust 社区中的很多人。目前已经有人提出了一套不错的解决方案，就是我们接下来要引入的 downcast-rs 库： [dependencies]\ndowncast-rs = { version = \"1.2.0\", default-features = false } （题外话：这个库原来是不支持 no_std 的，zCore 有这个需求，于是就顺便帮他实现了一把）按照它文档的描述，我们要为自己的接口实现向下转换，只需以下修改： use core::fmt::Debug;\nuse downcast_rs::{impl_downcast, DowncastSync}; pub trait KernelObject: DowncastSync + Debug {...}\nimpl_downcast!(sync KernelObject); 其中 DowncastSync 代替了原来的 Send + Sync，Debug 用于出错时输出调试信息。 impl_downcast! 宏用来帮我们自动生成转换函数，然后就可以用 downcast_arc 来对 Arc 做向下转换了。我们直接来测试一把： #[test]\nfn downcast() { let dummy = DummyObject::new(); let object: Arc = dummy; let _result: Arc = object.downcast_arc::().unwrap();\n} $ cargo test Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13 running 2 tests\ntest object::downcast ... ok\ntest object::tests::dummy_object ... ok","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现接口到具体类型的向下转换","id":"10","title":"实现接口到具体类型的向下转换"},"11":{"body":"上面我们已经完整实现了一个内核对象，代码看起来很简洁。但当我们要实现更多对象的时候，就会发现一个问题：这些对象拥有一些公共属性，接口方法也有共同的实现。在传统 OOP 语言中，我们通常使用继承（inheritance）来复用这些公共代码：子类 B 可以继承父类 A，然后自动拥有父类的所有字段和方法。继承是一个很强大的功能，但在长期实践中人们也逐渐发现了它的弊端。有兴趣的读者可以看一看知乎上的探讨：面向对象编程的弊端是什么？。经典著作《设计模式》中就鼓励大家使用组合代替继承。而一些现代的编程语言，如 Go 和 Rust，甚至直接抛弃了继承。在 Rust 中，通常使用组合结构和 Deref trait 来部分模拟继承。继承野蛮，trait 文明。 —— 某 Rust 爱好者接下来我们模仿 downcast-rs 库的做法，使用一种基于宏的代码生成方案，来实现 KernelObject 的继承。当然这只是抛砖引玉，如果读者自己实现了，或者了解到社区中有更好的解决方案，也欢迎指出。具体做法是这样的：使用一个 struct 来提供所有的公共属性和方法，作为所有子类的第一个成员。为子类实现 trait 接口，所有方法直接委托给内部 struct 完成。这部分使用宏来自动生成模板代码。而所谓的内部 struct，其实就是我们上面实现的 DummyObject。为了更好地体现它的功能，我们给他改个名叫 KObjectBase： /// 内核对象核心结构\npub struct KObjectBase { /// 对象 ID pub id: KoID, inner: Mutex,\n} /// `KObjectBase` 的内部可变部分\n#[derive(Default)]\nstruct KObjectBaseInner { name: String,\n} 接下来我们把它的构造函数改为实现 Default trait，并且公共属性和方法都指定为 pub： impl Default for KObjectBase { /// 创建一个新 `KObjectBase` fn default() -> Self { KObjectBase { id: Self::new_koid(), inner: Default::default(), } }\n}\nimpl KObjectBase { /// 生成一个唯一的 ID fn new_koid() -> KoID {...} /// 获取对象名称 pub fn name(&self) -> String {...} /// 设置对象名称 pub fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {...}\n} 最后来写一个魔法的宏！ /// 为内核对象 struct 自动实现 `KernelObject` trait 的宏。\n#[macro_export] // 导出宏，可在 crate 外部使用\nmacro_rules! impl_kobject { // 匹配类型名，并可以提供函数覆盖默认实现 ($class:ident $( $fn:tt )*) => { // 为对象实现 KernelObject trait，方法直接转发到内部 struct impl KernelObject for $class { fn id(&self) -> KoID { // 直接访问内部的 pub 属性 self.base.id } fn type_name(&self) -> &str { // 用 stringify! 宏将输入转成字符串 stringify!($class) } // 注意宏里面的类型要写完整路径，例如：alloc::string::String fn name(&self) -> alloc::string::String { self.base.name() } fn set_name(&self, name: &str){ // 直接访问内部的 pub 方法 self.base.set_name(name) } // 可以传入任意数量的函数，覆盖 trait 的默认实现 $( $fn )* } // 为对象实现 Debug trait impl core::fmt::Debug for $class { fn fmt( &self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>, ) -> core::result::Result<(), core::fmt::Error> { // 输出对象类型、ID 和名称 f.debug_tuple(&stringify!($class)) .field(&self.id()) .field(&self.name()) .finish() } } };\n} 轮子已经造好了！让我们看看如何用它方便地实现一个内核对象，仍以 DummyObject 为例： /// 空对象\npub struct DummyObject { // 其中必须包含一个名为 `base` 的 `KObjectBase` base: KObjectBase,\n} // 使用刚才的宏，声明其为内核对象，自动生成必要的代码\nimpl_kobject!(DummyObject); impl DummyObject { /// 创建一个新 `DummyObject` pub fn new() -> Arc { Arc::new(DummyObject { base: KObjectBase::default(), }) }\n} 是不是方便了很多？最后按照惯例，用单元测试检验实现的正确性： #[test]\nfn impl_kobject() { use alloc::format; let dummy = DummyObject::new(); let object: Arc = dummy; assert_eq!(object.type_name(), \"DummyObject\"); assert_eq!(object.name(), \"\"); object.set_name(\"dummy\"); assert_eq!(object.name(), \"dummy\"); assert_eq!( format!(\"{:?}\", object), format!(\"DummyObject({}, \\\"dummy\\\")\", object.id()) ); let _result: Arc = object.downcast_arc::().unwrap();\n} 有兴趣的读者可以继续探索使用功能更强大的过程宏（proc_macro），进一步简化实现新内核对象所需的模板代码。如果能把上面的代码块缩小成下面这两行，就更加完美了： #[KernelObject]\npub struct DummyObject;","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 模拟继承：用宏自动生成接口实现代码","id":"11","title":"模拟继承：用宏自动生成接口实现代码"},"12":{"body":"在这一节中我们用 Rust 语言实现了 Zircon 最核心的内核对象概念。在此过程中涉及到 Rust 的一系列语言特性和设计模式：使用 trait 实现接口使用内部可变性模式实现并发对象基于社区解决方案实现 trait 到 struct 的向下转换使用组合模拟继承，并使用宏实现模板代码的自动生成由于 Rust 独特的面向对象编程特性，我们在实现内核对象的过程中遇到了一定的挑战。不过万事开头难，解决这些问题为整个项目打下了坚实基础，后面实现新的内核对象就会变得简单很多。在下一节中，我们将介绍内核对象相关的另外两个概念：句柄和权限，并实现内核对象的存储和访问。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 总结","id":"12","title":"总结"},"13":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 对象管理器：Process 对象","id":"13","title":"对象管理器：Process 对象"},"14":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 句柄和权限","id":"14","title":"句柄和权限"},"15":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现第一个内核对象","id":"15","title":"实现第一个内核对象"},"16":{"body":"","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 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建立项目","id":"7","title":"建立项目"},"8":{"body":"所有的内核对象有一系列共同的属性和方法，我们称这些方法为对象的公共接口（Interface）。同一种方法在不同类型的对象中可能会有不同的行为，在面向对象语言中我们称其为多态（Polymorphism）。 Rust 是一门部分面向对象的语言，我们通常用它的 trait 实现接口和多态。首先创建一个 KernelObject trait 作为内核对象的公共接口： /// 内核对象公共接口\npub trait KernelObject: Send + Sync { /// 获取对象 ID fn id(&self) -> KoID; /// 获取对象类型名 fn type_name(&self) -> &str; /// 获取对象名称 fn name(&self) -> String; /// 设置对象名称 fn set_name(&self, name: &str);\n} /// 对象 ID 类型\npub type KoID = u64; 这里的 Send + Sync 是一个约束所有 KernelObject 都要满足的前提条件，即它必须是一个并发对象。所谓并发对象指的是可以安全地被多线程共享访问。事实上我们的内核本身就是一个共享地址空间的多线程程序，在裸机上每个 CPU 核都可以被视为一个并发执行的线程。由于内核对象可能被多个线程同时访问，因此它必须是并发对象。","breadcrumbs":"内核对象 » 实现 KernelObject 接口","id":"8","title":"实现 KernelObject 接口"},"9":{"body":"接下来我们实现一个最简单的空对象 DummyObject，并为它实现 KernelObject 接口： use spin::Mutex; /// 空对象\n#[derive(Debug)]\npub struct DummyObject { id: KoID, inner: Mutex,\n} /// `DummyObject` 的内部可变部分\n#[derive(Default, Debug)]\nstruct DummyObjectInner { name: String,\n} 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简明 zCore 教程
zCore 整体结构和设计模式
Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核
内核对象
初识内核对象
对象管理器：Process 对象
对象传送器：Channel 对象
任务管理
Zircon 任务管理体系
硬件抽象层与异步运行时
线程管理：Thread 对象
进程管理：Process 与 Job 对象
内存管理
Zircon 内存管理模型
物理内存：VMO 对象
虚拟内存：VMAR 对象
用户程序
Zircon 用户程序
加载 ELF 文件
上下文切换
系统调用
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