diff --git a/crate/riscv b/crate/riscv
deleted file mode 160000
index a37a65f..0000000
--- a/crate/riscv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit a37a65fa13a00c5aa0068c3f2b5d55af6a37dd93
diff --git a/kernel/Makefile b/kernel/Makefile
index 0e1a2e8..ef57cea 100644
--- a/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/Makefile
@@ -27,16 +27,20 @@ kernel := target/$(target)/$(mode)/ucore
 bin := target/$(target)/$(mode)/kernel.bin
 bootimage := target/$(target)/bootimage.bin
 
-user_bin_path := ../user/target/$(arch)-ucore/debug
+user_dir := ../user
+user_bin_path := $(user_dir)/target/$(arch)-ucore/debug
 user_bins := $(patsubst $(user_bin_path)/%.d, $(user_bin_path)/%, $(wildcard $(user_bin_path)/*.d))
 user_obj := build/$(arch)/user.o
-SFSIMG := ../user/ucore32.img
+sfsimg := $(user_dir)/build/user-$(arch).img
+
+export ARCH = $(arch)
+export SFSIMG = $(sfsimg)
 
 ### qemu options ###
 ifeq ($(arch), x86_64)
 qemu_opts := \
 	-drive format=raw,file=$(bootimage) \
-	-drive format=raw,file=$(SFSIMG),media=disk,cache=writeback \
+	-drive format=raw,file=$(sfsimg),media=disk,cache=writeback \
 	-smp cores=$(smp) \
 	-serial mon:stdio \
 	-device isa-debug-exit \
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ cc := $(prefix)gcc
 as := $(prefix)as
 gdb := $(prefix)gdb
 
-.PHONY: all clean run build asm doc justrun kernel
+.PHONY: all clean run build asm doc justrun debug kernel install
 
 all: kernel
 
@@ -112,10 +116,10 @@ doc:
 
 run: build justrun
 
-justrun:
+justrun: $(sfsimg)
 	@qemu-system-$(arch) $(qemu_opts) || [ $$? -eq 11 ] # run qemu and assert it exit 11
 
-debug: $(kernel) $(bin)
+debug: $(kernel) $(bin) $(sfsimg)
 	@qemu-system-$(arch) $(qemu_opts) -s -S &
 	@sleep 1
 	@$(gdb) $(kernel) -x ../tools/gdbinit
@@ -156,16 +160,25 @@ else ifeq ($(arch), aarch64)
 	@$(objcopy) $(kernel) --strip-all -O binary $@
 endif
 
-kernel:
 ifeq ($(arch), x86_64)
+kernel:
 	@bootimage build $(build_args)
 else
+kernel: $(sfsimg)
+ifeq ($(arch), riscv32)
 	@-patch -p0 -N -b \
 		$(shell rustc --print sysroot)/lib/rustlib/src/rust/src/libcore/sync/atomic.rs \
 		src/arch/riscv32/atomic.patch
+endif
 	@CC=$(cc) cargo xbuild $(build_args)
 endif
 
+
+
+### user programs ###
+$(sfsimg):
+	@cd $(user_dir) && make sfsimg
+
 # make user.o from binary files
 $(user_obj): $(user_bins)
 	@cd $(user_bin_path) && \
diff --git a/user/Makefile b/user/Makefile
index 185ca0f..9b0648b 100644
--- a/user/Makefile
+++ b/user/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,55 @@
-# arch = {riscv32, x86_64}
-arch := riscv32
+# arch = {riscv32, x86_64, aarch64}
+# mode = {debug, release}
+arch ?= riscv32
+mode ?= debug
 
-all:
-	cargo xbuild --target $(arch)-ucore.json
\ No newline at end of file
+rust_src_dir := src/bin
+rust_bin_path := target/$(arch)-ucore/$(mode)
+user_rust_bins := $(patsubst $(rust_src_dir)/%.rs, $(rust_bin_path)/%, $(wildcard $(rust_src_dir)/*.rs))
+c_src_dir :=
+c_bin_path :=
+user_c_bins :=
+user_bins := $(user_rust_bins) $(user_c_bins)
+
+build_path := build
+sfsroot := $(build_path)/sfsroot-$(arch)
+sfsimg := $(build_path)/user-$(arch).img
+
+mksfs := mksfs
+
+build_args := --target $(arch)-ucore.json
+ifeq ($(mode), release)
+build_args := $(build_args) --release
+endif
+
+.PHONY: all clean build-rust build-c build mksfs sfsimg
+
+all: $(sfsimg)
+
+build-rust:
+	@echo Building user rust programs
+	@cargo xbuild $(build_args)
+
+build-c:
+	@echo Building user C programs
+
+build: build-rust build-c
+
+mksfs:
+ifeq ($(shell which $(mksfs)),)
+	@cargo install --git https://github.com/wangrunji0408/SimpleFileSystem-Rust --features="std"
+endif
+
+$(sfsroot): build
+	@mkdir -p $(sfsroot)/
+	@cp $(user_bins) $(sfsroot)/
+
+$(sfsimg): mksfs $(sfsroot)
+	@echo Creating SFS image at $@
+	@$(mksfs) zip $(sfsroot) $@
+
+sfsimg: $(sfsimg)
+
+clean:
+	@cargo clean
+	@rm -rf $(build_path)
diff --git a/user/x86_64-ucore.json b/user/x86_64-ucore.json
index c587146..6510efa 100644
--- a/user/x86_64-ucore.json
+++ b/user/x86_64-ucore.json
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@
   "target-c-int-width": "32",
   "os": "none",
   "executables": true,
+  "linker": "rust-lld",
   "linker-flavor": "ld.lld",
   "panic-strategy": "abort",
   "disable-redzone": true,
   "features": "-mmx,-sse,+soft-float"
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}