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memory.c
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/*
* linux/mm/memory.c
*
* (C) 1991 Linus Torvalds
*/
/*
* demand-loading started 01.12.91 - seems it is high on the list of
* things wanted, and it should be easy to implement. - Linus
*/
/*
* Ok, demand-loading was easy, shared pages a little bit tricker. Shared
* pages started 02.12.91, seems to work. - Linus.
*
* Tested sharing by executing about 30 /bin/sh: under the old kernel it
* would have taken more than the 6M I have free, but it worked well as
* far as I could see.
*
* Also corrected some "invalidate()"s - I wasn't doing enough of them.
*/
#include <signal.h>
#include <asm/system.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/head.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
volatile void do_exit(long code);
static inline volatile void oom(void)
{
printk("out of memory\n\r");
do_exit(SIGSEGV);
}
#define invalidate() \
__asm__("movl %%eax,%%cr3"::"a" (0))
/* these are not to be changed without changing head.s etc */
#define LOW_MEM 0x100000
#define PAGING_MEMORY (15*1024*1024)
#define PAGING_PAGES (PAGING_MEMORY>>12)
#define MAP_NR(addr) (((addr)-LOW_MEM)>>12)
#define USED 100
#define CODE_SPACE(addr) ((((addr)+4095)&~4095) < \
current->start_code + current->end_code)
static long HIGH_MEMORY = 0;
#define copy_page(from,to) \
__asm__("cld ; rep ; movsl"::"S" (from),"D" (to),"c" (1024))
static unsigned char mem_map [ PAGING_PAGES ] = {0,};
/*
* Get physical address of first (actually last :-) free page, and mark it
* used. If no free pages left, return 0.
*/
unsigned long get_free_page(void)
{
register unsigned long __res asm("ax");
__asm__("std ; repne ; scasb\n\t"
"jne 1f\n\t"
"movb $1,1(%%edi)\n\t"
"sall $12,%%ecx\n\t"
"addl %2,%%ecx\n\t"
"movl %%ecx,%%edx\n\t"
"movl $1024,%%ecx\n\t"
"leal 4092(%%edx),%%edi\n\t"
"rep ; stosl\n\t"
"movl %%edx,%%eax\n\t"
"1:"
"cld\n\t" /* by wyj */
:"=a" (__res)
:"0" (0),"i" (LOW_MEM),"c" (PAGING_PAGES),
"D" (mem_map+PAGING_PAGES-1)
);
return __res;
}
/*
* Free a page of memory at physical address 'addr'. Used by
* 'free_page_tables()'
*/
void free_page(unsigned long addr)
{
if (addr < LOW_MEM) return;
if (addr >= HIGH_MEMORY)
panic("trying to free nonexistent page");
addr -= LOW_MEM;
addr >>= 12;
if (mem_map[addr]--) return;
mem_map[addr]=0;
panic("trying to free free page");
}
/*
* This function frees a continuos block of page tables, as needed
* by 'exit()'. As does copy_page_tables(), this handles only 4Mb blocks.
*/
int free_page_tables(unsigned long from,unsigned long size)
{
unsigned long *pg_table;
unsigned long * dir, nr;
if (from & 0x3fffff)
panic("free_page_tables called with wrong alignment");
if (!from)
panic("Trying to free up swapper memory space");
size = (size + 0x3fffff) >> 22;
dir = (unsigned long *) ((from>>20) & 0xffc); /* _pg_dir = 0 */
for ( ; size-->0 ; dir++) {
if (!(1 & *dir))
continue;
pg_table = (unsigned long *) (0xfffff000 & *dir);
for (nr=0 ; nr<1024 ; nr++) {
if (1 & *pg_table)
free_page(0xfffff000 & *pg_table);
*pg_table = 0;
pg_table++;
}
free_page(0xfffff000 & *dir);
*dir = 0;
}
invalidate();
return 0;
}
/*
* Well, here is one of the most complicated functions in mm. It
* copies a range of linerar addresses by copying only the pages.
* Let's hope this is bug-free, 'cause this one I don't want to debug :-)
*
* Note! We don't copy just any chunks of memory - addresses have to
* be divisible by 4Mb (one page-directory entry), as this makes the
* function easier. It's used only by fork anyway.
*
* NOTE 2!! When from==0 we are copying kernel space for the first
* fork(). Then we DONT want to copy a full page-directory entry, as
* that would lead to some serious memory waste - we just copy the
* first 160 pages - 640kB. Even that is more than we need, but it
* doesn't take any more memory - we don't copy-on-write in the low
* 1 Mb-range, so the pages can be shared with the kernel. Thus the
* special case for nr=xxxx.
*/
int copy_page_tables(unsigned long from,unsigned long to,long size)
{
unsigned long * from_page_table;
unsigned long * to_page_table;
unsigned long this_page;
unsigned long * from_dir, * to_dir;
unsigned long nr;
if ((from&0x3fffff) || (to&0x3fffff))
panic("copy_page_tables called with wrong alignment");
from_dir = (unsigned long *) ((from>>20) & 0xffc); /* _pg_dir = 0 */
to_dir = (unsigned long *) ((to>>20) & 0xffc);
size = ((unsigned) (size+0x3fffff)) >> 22;
for( ; size-->0 ; from_dir++,to_dir++) {
if (1 & *to_dir)
panic("copy_page_tables: already exist");
if (!(1 & *from_dir))
continue;
from_page_table = (unsigned long *) (0xfffff000 & *from_dir);
if (!(to_page_table = (unsigned long *) get_free_page()))
return -1; /* Out of memory, see freeing */
*to_dir = ((unsigned long) to_page_table) | 7;
nr = (from==0)?0xA0:1024;
for ( ; nr-- > 0 ; from_page_table++,to_page_table++) {
this_page = *from_page_table;
if (!(1 & this_page))
continue;
this_page &= ~2;
*to_page_table = this_page;
if (this_page > LOW_MEM) {
*from_page_table = this_page;
this_page -= LOW_MEM;
this_page >>= 12;
mem_map[this_page]++;
}
}
}
invalidate();
return 0;
}
/*
* This function puts a page in memory at the wanted address.
* It returns the physical address of the page gotten, 0 if
* out of memory (either when trying to access page-table or
* page.)
*/
unsigned long put_page(unsigned long page,unsigned long address)
{
unsigned long tmp, *page_table;
/* NOTE !!! This uses the fact that _pg_dir=0 */
if (page < LOW_MEM || page >= HIGH_MEMORY)
printk("Trying to put page %p at %p\n",page,address);
if (mem_map[(page-LOW_MEM)>>12] != 1)
printk("mem_map disagrees with %p at %p\n",page,address);
page_table = (unsigned long *) ((address>>20) & 0xffc);
if ((*page_table)&1)
page_table = (unsigned long *) (0xfffff000 & *page_table);
else {
if (!(tmp=get_free_page()))
return 0;
*page_table = tmp|7;
page_table = (unsigned long *) tmp;
}
page_table[(address>>12) & 0x3ff] = page | 7;
/* no need for invalidate */
return page;
}
void un_wp_page(unsigned long * table_entry)
{
unsigned long old_page,new_page;
old_page = 0xfffff000 & *table_entry;
if (old_page >= LOW_MEM && mem_map[MAP_NR(old_page)]==1) {
*table_entry |= 2;
invalidate();
return;
}
if (!(new_page=get_free_page()))
oom();
if (old_page >= LOW_MEM)
mem_map[MAP_NR(old_page)]--;
*table_entry = new_page | 7;
invalidate();
copy_page(old_page,new_page);
}
/*
* This routine handles present pages, when users try to write
* to a shared page. It is done by copying the page to a new address
* and decrementing the shared-page counter for the old page.
*
* If it's in code space we exit with a segment error.
*/
void do_wp_page(unsigned long error_code,unsigned long address)
{
#if 0
/* we cannot do this yet: the estdio library writes to code space */
/* stupid, stupid. I really want the libc.a from GNU */
if (CODE_SPACE(address))
do_exit(SIGSEGV);
#endif
un_wp_page((unsigned long *)
(((address>>10) & 0xffc) + (0xfffff000 &
*((unsigned long *) ((address>>20) &0xffc)))));
}
void write_verify(unsigned long address)
{
unsigned long page;
if (!( (page = *((unsigned long *) ((address>>20) & 0xffc)) )&1))
return;
page &= 0xfffff000;
page += ((address>>10) & 0xffc);
if ((3 & *(unsigned long *) page) == 1) /* non-writeable, present */
un_wp_page((unsigned long *) page);
return;
}
void get_empty_page(unsigned long address)
{
unsigned long tmp;
if (!(tmp=get_free_page()) || !put_page(tmp,address)) {
free_page(tmp); /* 0 is ok - ignored */
oom();
}
}
/*
* try_to_share() checks the page at address "address" in the task "p",
* to see if it exists, and if it is clean. If so, share it with the current
* task.
*
* NOTE! This assumes we have checked that p != current, and that they
* share the same executable.
*/
static int try_to_share(unsigned long address, struct task_struct * p)
{
unsigned long from;
unsigned long to;
unsigned long from_page;
unsigned long to_page;
unsigned long phys_addr;
from_page = to_page = ((address>>20) & 0xffc);
from_page += ((p->start_code>>20) & 0xffc);
to_page += ((current->start_code>>20) & 0xffc);
/* is there a page-directory at from? */
from = *(unsigned long *) from_page;
if (!(from & 1))
return 0;
from &= 0xfffff000;
from_page = from + ((address>>10) & 0xffc);
phys_addr = *(unsigned long *) from_page;
/* is the page clean and present? */
if ((phys_addr & 0x41) != 0x01)
return 0;
phys_addr &= 0xfffff000;
if (phys_addr >= HIGH_MEMORY || phys_addr < LOW_MEM)
return 0;
to = *(unsigned long *) to_page;
if (!(to & 1))
if (to = get_free_page())
*(unsigned long *) to_page = to | 7;
else
oom();
to &= 0xfffff000;
to_page = to + ((address>>10) & 0xffc);
if (1 & *(unsigned long *) to_page)
panic("try_to_share: to_page already exists");
/* share them: write-protect */
*(unsigned long *) from_page &= ~2;
*(unsigned long *) to_page = *(unsigned long *) from_page;
invalidate();
phys_addr -= LOW_MEM;
phys_addr >>= 12;
mem_map[phys_addr]++;
return 1;
}
/*
* share_page() tries to find a process that could share a page with
* the current one. Address is the address of the wanted page relative
* to the current data space.
*
* We first check if it is at all feasible by checking executable->i_count.
* It should be >1 if there are other tasks sharing this inode.
*/
static int share_page(unsigned long address)
{
struct task_struct ** p;
if (!current->executable)
return 0;
if (current->executable->i_count < 2)
return 0;
for (p = &LAST_TASK ; p > &FIRST_TASK ; --p) {
if (!*p)
continue;
if (current == *p)
continue;
if ((*p)->executable != current->executable)
continue;
if (try_to_share(address,*p))
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/*
do_no_page()是页异常中断过程中调用的缺页处理函数。它首先判断指定的线性地址在一个进程空
间中相对于进程基址的偏移长度值。如果它大于代码加数据长度，或者进程刚开始创建，则立刻申请一
页物理内存，并映射到进程线性地址中，然后返回；接着尝试进行页面共享操作，若成功，则立刻返回；
否则申请一页内存并从设备中读入一页信息；若加入该页信息时，指定线性地址+1 页长度超过了进程代
码加数据的长度，则将超过的部分清零。然后将该页映射到指定的线性地址处。
*/
void do_no_page(unsigned long error_code,unsigned long address)
{
int nr[4];
unsigned long tmp;
unsigned long page;
int block,i;
address &= 0xfffff000; // address 处缺页页面地址。
tmp = address - current->start_code; // 缺页页面对应逻辑地址。
if (!current->executable || tmp >= current->end_data) {
get_empty_page(address);
return;
}
if (share_page(tmp)) // 尝试逻辑地址 tmp 处页面的共享。
return;
if (!(page = get_free_page())) // 申请一页物理内存
oom();
/* remember that 1 block is used for header */
block = 1 + tmp/BLOCK_SIZE;
for (i=0 ; i<4 ; block++,i++)
nr[i] = bmap(current->executable,block);
bread_page(page,current->executable->i_dev,nr);
i = tmp + 4096 - current->end_data;
tmp = page + 4096;
while (i-- > 0) {
tmp--;
*(char *)tmp = 0;
}
if (put_page(page,address))
return;
free_page(page);
oom();
}
/* for exec.c/do_execve2 */
/* coded by dj */
void my_do_no_page(unsigned long address)
{
int nr[4];
unsigned long tmp;
unsigned long page;
int block,i;
address &= 0xfffff000; // address 处缺页页面地址。
tmp = address - current->start_code; // 缺页页面对应逻辑地址。
/* 
若当前进程的executable 空，或者指定地址超出代码+数据长度，则申请一页物理
内存，并映射到指定的线性地址处。executable 是进程的i 节点结构。该值为0，表明
进程刚开始设置，需要内存；而指定的线性地址超出代码加数据长度，表明进程在申请新
的内存空间，也需要给予。因此就直接调用get_empty_page()函数，申请一页物理内存
并映射到指定线性地址处即可。
*/
if (!current->executable || tmp >= current->end_data) {
get_empty_page(address);
return;
}
if (share_page(tmp)) // 尝试逻辑地址 tmp 处页面的共享。
return;
if (!(page = get_free_page())) // 申请一页物理内存
oom();
/* remember that 1 block is used for header */
/* 记住，（程序）头要使用 1 个数据块 */
// 根据这个块号和执行文件的 i 节点，我们就可以从映射位图中找到对应块设备中对应的设备
// 逻辑块号（保存在 nr[]数组中）。利用 bread_page()即可把这 4 个逻辑块读入到物理页面
// page 中。
block = 1 + tmp/BLOCK_SIZE;
for (i=0 ; i<4 ; block++,i++)
nr[i] = bmap(current->executable,block);
bread_page(page,current->executable->i_dev,nr);
i = tmp + 4096 - current->end_data; // 超出的字节长度值。
tmp = page + 4096; // tmp 指向页面末端。
while (i-- > 0) { // 页面末端 i 字节清零。
tmp--;
*(char *)tmp = 0;
}
// 最后把引起缺页异常的一页物理页面映射到指定线性地址 address 处。若操作成功就返回，
// 否则就释放内存页，显示内存不够。
if (put_page(page,address))
return;
free_page(page);
oom();
}
void mem_init(long start_mem, long end_mem)
{
int i;
HIGH_MEMORY = end_mem;
for (i=0 ; i<PAGING_PAGES ; i++)
mem_map[i] = USED;
i = MAP_NR(start_mem);
end_mem -= start_mem;
end_mem >>= 12;
while (end_mem-->0)
mem_map[i++]=0;
}
void calc_mem(void)
{
int i,j,k,free=0;
long * pg_tbl;
for(i=0 ; i<PAGING_PAGES ; i++)
if (!mem_map[i]) free++;
printk("%d pages free (of %d)\n\r",free,PAGING_PAGES);
for(i=2 ; i<1024 ; i++) {
if (1&pg_dir[i]) {
pg_tbl=(long *) (0xfffff000 & pg_dir[i]);
for(j=k=0 ; j<1024 ; j++)
if (pg_tbl[j]&1)
k++;
printk("Pg-dir[%d] uses %d pages\n",i,k);
}
}
}
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