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"""
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原型模式 (Prototype Pattern)
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意图：用原型实例指定创建对象的种类，并且通过复制这些原型创建新的对象。
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应用场景：
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- 当要实例化的类是在运行时刻指定时，例如，通过动态加载
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- 为了避免创建一个与产品类层次平行的工厂类层次时
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- 当一个类的实例只能有几个不同状态组合中的一种时，建立相应数目的原型并克隆它们可能比每次用合适的状态手工实例化该类更方便
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结构：
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- Prototype: 声明一个克隆自身的接口
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- ConcretePrototype: 实现克隆自身的操作
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- Client: 让一个原型克隆自身以创建一个新的对象
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"""
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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
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from copy import deepcopy
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from typing import Dict, List
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class Prototype(ABC):
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"""原型抽象类，声明克隆方法"""
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@abstractmethod
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def clone(self):
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"""克隆自身
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Returns:
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Prototype: 克隆后的对象
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"""
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pass
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class ConcretePrototype1(Prototype):
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"""具体原型类1"""
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def __init__(self, id: str, name: str, data: List[str] = None):
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"""初始化原型
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Args:
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id: 对象ID
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name: 对象名称
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data: 数据列表
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"""
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self.id = id
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self.name = name
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self.data = data or []
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def clone(self):
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"""深克隆实现"""
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# 使用deepcopy确保复杂对象的完全复制
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return deepcopy(self)
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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return f"ConcretePrototype1(id={self.id}, name={self.name}, data={self.data})"
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class ConcretePrototype2(Prototype):
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"""具体原型类2"""
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def __init__(self, id: str, config: Dict, metadata: str = ""):
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"""初始化原型
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Args:
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id: 对象ID
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config: 配置字典
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metadata: 元数据
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"""
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self.id = id
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self.config = config
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self.metadata = metadata
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def clone(self):
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"""深克隆实现"""
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return deepcopy(self)
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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return f"ConcretePrototype2(id={self.id}, config={self.config}, metadata={self.metadata})"
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class PrototypeRegistry:
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"""原型注册表，存储和管理原型实例"""
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def __init__(self):
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self._prototypes: Dict[str, Prototype] = {}
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def register_prototype(self, name: str, prototype: Prototype) -> None:
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"""注册原型
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Args:
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name: 原型名称
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prototype: 原型实例
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"""
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self._prototypes[name] = prototype
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def unregister_prototype(self, name: str) -> None:
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"""注销原型
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Args:
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name: 原型名称
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"""
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if name in self._prototypes:
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del self._prototypes[name]
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def clone(self, name: str) -> Prototype:
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"""克隆指定名称的原型
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Args:
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name: 原型名称
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Returns:
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Prototype: 克隆后的对象
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Raises:
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ValueError: 当原型不存在时
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"""
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prototype = self._prototypes.get(name)
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if not prototype:
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raise ValueError(f"未找到名为'{name}'的原型")
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return prototype.clone()
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# 扩展：实现浅克隆和深克隆
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class ShallowAndDeepCloneExample:
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"""演示浅克隆和深克隆的区别"""
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class Person:
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"""人类，包含基本信息和引用类型成员"""
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def __init__(self, name: str, age: int, address: Dict):
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"""初始化
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Args:
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name: 姓名
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age: 年龄
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address: 地址字典
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"""
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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self.address = address # 引用类型成员
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def shallow_clone(self) -> 'ShallowAndDeepCloneExample.Person':
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"""浅克隆
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Returns:
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Person: 克隆后的对象
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"""
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import copy
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return copy.copy(self) # 浅复制
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def deep_clone(self) -> 'ShallowAndDeepCloneExample.Person':
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"""深克隆
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Returns:
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Person: 克隆后的对象
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"""
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import copy
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return copy.deepcopy(self) # 深复制
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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return f"Person(name={self.name}, age={self.age}, address={self.address})"
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# 实际应用示例：文档模板系统
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class DocumentTemplate(Prototype):
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"""文档模板类"""
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def __init__(self, title: str, content: str, author: str = "", metadata: Dict = None):
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"""初始化文档模板
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Args:
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title: 文档标题
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content: 文档内容
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author: 作者
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metadata: 元数据（如格式、创建日期等）
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"""
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self.title = title
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self.content = content
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self.author = author
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self.metadata = metadata or {}
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def clone(self):
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"""克隆文档模板"""
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return deepcopy(self)
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def fill_template(self, **kwargs) -> 'DocumentTemplate':
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"""填充模板中的变量
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Args:
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**kwargs: 要替换的变量键值对
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Returns:
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DocumentTemplate: 填充后的文档
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"""
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result = self.clone()
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for key, value in kwargs.items():
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placeholder = f"{{{{ {key} }}}}"
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result.title = result.title.replace(placeholder, str(value))
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result.content = result.content.replace(placeholder, str(value))
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return result
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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return f"DocumentTemplate(title='{self.title}', author='{self.author}', metadata={self.metadata})"
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class DocumentManager:
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"""文档管理器，使用原型模式管理文档模板"""
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def __init__(self):
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self.template_registry = PrototypeRegistry()
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self._setup_default_templates()
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def _setup_default_templates(self) -> None:
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"""设置默认模板"""
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# 创建报告模板
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report_template = DocumentTemplate(
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title="{{ company_name }} 季度报告",
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content="# {{ company_name }} 季度报告\n\n" +
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"## 执行摘要\n{{ summary }}\n\n" +
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"## 财务数据\n{{ financial_data }}\n\n" +
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"## 展望\n{{ outlook }}",
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metadata={"type": "report", "version": "1.0"}
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)
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# 创建邮件模板
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email_template = DocumentTemplate(
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title="关于{{ subject }}的通知",
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content="尊敬的{{ recipient }}：\n\n" +
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"{{ message_body }}\n\n" +
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"此致，\n{{ sender }}",
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metadata={"type": "email", "version": "1.0"}
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)
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# 创建合同模板
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contract_template = DocumentTemplate(
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title="{{ client_name }} 服务合同",
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content="# 服务合同\n\n" +
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"甲方：{{ company_name }}\n" +
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"乙方：{{ client_name }}\n\n" +
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"## 服务内容\n{{ service_description }}\n\n" +
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"## 费用\n{{ payment_terms }}",
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metadata={"type": "contract", "version": "1.0"}
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)
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# 注册模板
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self.template_registry.register_prototype("report", report_template)
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self.template_registry.register_prototype("email", email_template)
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self.template_registry.register_prototype("contract", contract_template)
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def create_document(self, template_name: str, **kwargs) -> DocumentTemplate:
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"""创建文档
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|
Args:
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template_name: 模板名称
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**kwargs: 模板填充参数
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Returns:
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DocumentTemplate: 创建的文档
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"""
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|
|
template = self.template_registry.clone(template_name)
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|
return template.fill_template(**kwargs)
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|
|
def main():
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|
|
"""演示原型模式"""
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|
|
print("=== 原型模式演示 ===")
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|
|
|
# 基本原型模式演示
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print("\n1. 基本原型模式：")
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prototype1 = ConcretePrototype1("001", "原型1", ["数据1", "数据2"])
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prototype2 = ConcretePrototype2("002", {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}, "元数据")
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# 克隆
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clone1 = prototype1.clone()
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clone2 = prototype2.clone()
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print(f"原始原型1: {prototype1}")
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print(f"克隆后的原型1: {clone1}")
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print(f"是否同一个对象: {prototype1 is clone1}") # 应该是False
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print(f"\n原始原型2: {prototype2}")
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print(f"克隆后的原型2: {clone2}")
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print(f"是否同一个对象: {prototype2 is clone2}") # 应该是False
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# 修改克隆对象，验证是否是深克隆
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clone1.data.append("新数据")
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clone2.config["key3"] = "value3"
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print(f"\n修改后的克隆1: {clone1}")
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print(f"原始原型1(不应受影响): {prototype1}")
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print(f"\n修改后的克隆2: {clone2}")
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print(f"原始原型2(不应受影响): {prototype2}")
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# 原型注册表演示
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print("\n2. 原型注册表：")
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registry = PrototypeRegistry()
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registry.register_prototype("prototype1", prototype1)
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registry.register_prototype("prototype2", prototype2)
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try:
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# 从注册表克隆
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cloned_from_registry1 = registry.clone("prototype1")
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cloned_from_registry2 = registry.clone("prototype2")
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print(f"从注册表克隆的原型1: {cloned_from_registry1}")
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print(f"从注册表克隆的原型2: {cloned_from_registry2}")
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# 测试不存在的原型
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registry.clone("nonexistent")
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|
except ValueError as e:
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|
print(f"异常处理测试: {e}")
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|
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# 浅克隆与深克隆的区别
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|
|
print("\n3. 浅克隆与深克隆的区别：")
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|
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person = ShallowAndDeepCloneExample.Person(
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"张三",
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30,
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{"city": "北京", "district": "朝阳区", "street": "建国路"}
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)
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# 浅克隆
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shallow_clone = person.shallow_clone()
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shallow_clone.name = "李四"
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shallow_clone.address["city"] = "上海" # 修改引用类型
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# 深克隆
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deep_clone = person.deep_clone()
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deep_clone.name = "王五"
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deep_clone.address["city"] = "广州" # 修改引用类型
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print(f"原始对象: {person}")
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print(f"浅克隆对象: {shallow_clone}") # 注意：原始对象的address也被修改了
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print(f"深克隆对象: {deep_clone}") # 原始对象不受影响
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# 文档模板系统示例
|
|
|
print("\n4. 文档模板系统示例：")
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|
|
doc_manager = DocumentManager()
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# 创建报告
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|
report = doc_manager.create_document(
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"report",
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company_name="ABC公司",
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summary="本季度业绩增长20%",
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|
financial_data="营收1000万，利润200万",
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|
outlook="预计下季度继续增长"
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|
|
)
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|
print(f"\n创建的报告:\n{report}")
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|
|
print(f"报告内容:\n{report.content}")
|
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|
|
|
# 创建邮件
|
|
|
email = doc_manager.create_document(
|
|
|
"email",
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|
|
subject="项目进度",
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|
|
recipient="客户李先生",
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|
|
message_body="您的项目已完成80%，预计下周交付。",
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|
|
sender="项目经理 张工"
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|
|
)
|
|
|
print(f"\n创建的邮件:\n{email}")
|
|
|
print(f"邮件内容:\n{email.content}")
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
|
main() |
