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"""
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建造者模式 (Builder Pattern)
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意图：将一个复杂对象的构建与它的表示分离，使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。
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应用场景：
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- 当创建复杂对象的算法应该独立于该对象的组成部分以及它们的装配方式时
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- 当构造过程必须允许被构造的对象有不同的表示时
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结构：
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- Builder: 指定创建产品各部分的抽象接口
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- ConcreteBuilder: 实现Builder的接口，构造和装配产品的各个部分
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- Director: 构造一个使用Builder接口的对象
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- Product: 表示被构造的复杂对象
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"""
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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
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from typing import List
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class Product:
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"""产品类，由多个部件组成"""
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def __init__(self):
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self.parts = []
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def add(self, part: str) -> None:
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"""添加部件
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Args:
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part: 部件名称
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"""
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self.parts.append(part)
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def list_parts(self) -> str:
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"""列出所有部件
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Returns:
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str: 部件列表字符串
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"""
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return f"产品部件: {', '.join(self.parts)}"
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class Builder(ABC):
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"""建造者抽象类"""
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@property
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@abstractmethod
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def product(self) -> Product:
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"""获取产品"""
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pass
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@abstractmethod
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def build_part_a(self) -> None:
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"""构建部件A"""
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pass
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@abstractmethod
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def build_part_b(self) -> None:
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"""构建部件B"""
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pass
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@abstractmethod
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def build_part_c(self) -> None:
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"""构建部件C"""
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pass
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class ConcreteBuilder1(Builder):
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"""具体建造者1"""
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def __init__(self):
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"""初始化建造者，创建一个新的产品实例"""
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self.reset()
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def reset(self) -> None:
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"""重置产品实例"""
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self._product = Product()
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@property
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def product(self) -> Product:
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"""获取产品，同时重置建造者以准备构建下一个产品"""
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result = self._product
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self.reset()
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return result
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def build_part_a(self) -> None:
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self._product.add("部件A1")
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def build_part_b(self) -> None:
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self._product.add("部件B1")
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def build_part_c(self) -> None:
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self._product.add("部件C1")
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class ConcreteBuilder2(Builder):
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"""具体建造者2"""
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def __init__(self):
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self.reset()
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def reset(self) -> None:
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self._product = Product()
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@property
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def product(self) -> Product:
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result = self._product
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self.reset()
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return result
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def build_part_a(self) -> None:
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self._product.add("部件A2")
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def build_part_b(self) -> None:
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self._product.add("部件B2")
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def build_part_c(self) -> None:
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self._product.add("部件C2")
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class Director:
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"""指挥者类，负责按照特定顺序调用建造步骤"""
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def __init__(self):
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self._builder = None
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@property
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def builder(self) -> Builder:
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return self._builder
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@builder.setter
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def builder(self, builder: Builder) -> None:
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"""设置建造者
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Args:
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builder: 建造者实例
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"""
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self._builder = builder
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def build_minimal_viable_product(self) -> None:
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"""构建最小可行产品"""
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self._builder.build_part_a()
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def build_full_featured_product(self) -> None:
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"""构建完整功能产品"""
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self._builder.build_part_a()
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self._builder.build_part_b()
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self._builder.build_part_c()
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# 扩展：流式接口风格的建造者模式（更现代的实现方式）
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class Computer:
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"""计算机类，作为产品"""
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def __init__(self):
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self.cpu = None
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self.ram = None
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self.storage = None
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self.gpu = None
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self.os = None
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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components = []
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if self.cpu:
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components.append(f"CPU: {self.cpu}")
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if self.ram:
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components.append(f"RAM: {self.ram}")
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if self.storage:
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components.append(f"Storage: {self.storage}")
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if self.gpu:
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components.append(f"GPU: {self.gpu}")
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if self.os:
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components.append(f"OS: {self.os}")
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return "计算机配置:\n" + "\n".join(components)
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class ComputerBuilder:
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"""计算机建造者，使用流式接口"""
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def __init__(self):
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self.reset()
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def reset(self) -> 'ComputerBuilder':
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"""重置构建过程
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Returns:
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ComputerBuilder: 返回自身以支持链式调用
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"""
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self._computer = Computer()
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return self
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def set_cpu(self, cpu: str) -> 'ComputerBuilder':
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"""设置CPU
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Args:
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cpu: CPU型号
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Returns:
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ComputerBuilder: 返回自身以支持链式调用
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"""
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self._computer.cpu = cpu
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return self
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def set_ram(self, ram: str) -> 'ComputerBuilder':
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"""设置内存
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Args:
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ram: 内存容量
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Returns:
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ComputerBuilder: 返回自身以支持链式调用
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"""
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self._computer.ram = ram
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return self
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def set_storage(self, storage: str) -> 'ComputerBuilder':
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"""设置存储
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Args:
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storage: 存储容量和类型
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Returns:
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ComputerBuilder: 返回自身以支持链式调用
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"""
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self._computer.storage = storage
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return self
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def set_gpu(self, gpu: str) -> 'ComputerBuilder':
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"""设置GPU
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Args:
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gpu: GPU型号
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Returns:
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ComputerBuilder: 返回自身以支持链式调用
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"""
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self._computer.gpu = gpu
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return self
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def set_os(self, os: str) -> 'ComputerBuilder':
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"""设置操作系统
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Args:
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os: 操作系统名称
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Returns:
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ComputerBuilder: 返回自身以支持链式调用
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"""
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self._computer.os = os
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return self
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def build(self) -> Computer:
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"""构建计算机
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Returns:
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Computer: 构建好的计算机实例
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"""
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result = self._computer
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self.reset()
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return result
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# 预定义的计算机配置
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class ComputerConfig:
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"""计算机配置类，提供预定义的配置方案"""
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@staticmethod
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def build_basic_computer(builder: ComputerBuilder) -> Computer:
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"""构建基础计算机
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Args:
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builder: 计算机建造者
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Returns:
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Computer: 基础配置的计算机
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"""
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return (builder
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.set_cpu("Intel Core i3")
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.set_ram("8GB DDR4")
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.set_storage("256GB SSD")
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.set_os("Windows 11 Home")
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.build())
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@staticmethod
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def build_gaming_computer(builder: ComputerBuilder) -> Computer:
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"""构建游戏计算机
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Args:
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builder: 计算机建造者
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Returns:
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Computer: 游戏配置的计算机
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"""
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return (builder
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.set_cpu("Intel Core i9")
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.set_ram("32GB DDR5")
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.set_storage("2TB NVMe SSD")
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.set_gpu("NVIDIA RTX 4090")
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.set_os("Windows 11 Pro")
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.build())
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@staticmethod
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def build_workstation(builder: ComputerBuilder) -> Computer:
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"""构建工作站
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Args:
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builder: 计算机建造者
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Returns:
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Computer: 工作站配置的计算机
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"""
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return (builder
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.set_cpu("AMD Threadripper Pro")
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.set_ram("128GB DDR5")
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.set_storage("4TB NVMe SSD + 8TB HDD")
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.set_gpu("NVIDIA RTX A6000")
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.set_os("Windows 11 Enterprise")
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.build())
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def main():
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"""演示建造者模式"""
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print("=== 建造者模式演示 ===")
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# 基本建造者模式演示
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print("\n1. 基本建造者模式：")
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director = Director()
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builder1 = ConcreteBuilder1()
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builder2 = ConcreteBuilder2()
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# 使用建造者1
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print("使用ConcreteBuilder1:")
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director.builder = builder1
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director.build_minimal_viable_product()
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print("最小可行产品:")
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print(builder1.product.list_parts())
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director.build_full_featured_product()
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print("完整功能产品:")
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print(builder1.product.list_parts())
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# 使用建造者2
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print("\n使用ConcreteBuilder2:")
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director.builder = builder2
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director.build_full_featured_product()
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print("完整功能产品:")
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print(builder2.product.list_parts())
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# 不使用指挥者，直接使用建造者（客户端自建流程）
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print("\n客户端自建流程:")
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builder = ConcreteBuilder1()
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builder.build_part_a()
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builder.build_part_c()
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print(builder.product.list_parts())
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# 流式接口风格的建造者模式演示
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print("\n2. 流式接口风格的建造者模式 - 计算机配置:")
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computer_builder = ComputerBuilder()
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# 自定义配置
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custom_computer = (computer_builder
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.set_cpu("AMD Ryzen 7")
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.set_ram("16GB DDR4")
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.set_storage("1TB SSD")
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.set_gpu("AMD Radeon RX 6800")
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.set_os("Ubuntu 22.04")
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.build())
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print("\n自定义计算机配置:")
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print(custom_computer)
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# 使用预定义配置
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basic_computer = ComputerConfig.build_basic_computer(computer_builder)
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gaming_computer = ComputerConfig.build_gaming_computer(computer_builder)
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workstation = ComputerConfig.build_workstation(computer_builder)
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print("\n预定义配置:")
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print("\n基础计算机:")
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print(basic_computer)
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print("\n游戏计算机:")
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print(gaming_computer)
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print("\n工作站:")
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print(workstation)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main() |
