diff --git a/图片解释启用CSS.png b/素材/图片/README/图片解释启用CSS.png
similarity index 100%
rename from 图片解释启用CSS.png
rename to 素材/图片/README/图片解释启用CSS.png
diff --git a/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md b/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md
index f8ddc98..a913e99 100644
--- a/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md
+++ b/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md
@@ -17,8 +17,22 @@ $f(g(h(x)))=f'(g(h(x)))·g'(h(x))·h'(x)$
##### 虑换元,则思积分上下限;
在定积分的换元时,注意上下限有没有一并换好!
##### 惧级数,则思判别勿用错;
-级数的判别
->[!bug] TODO: 添加级数的判别图表
+级数的判别需要按照以下步骤执行:
+```mermaid
+flowchart TD
+ A["开始"] --> B["$$\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=0?$$"]
+ B --> |"否"| C["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 发散(必要条件)"]
+ B --> |"是"| D["$$\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n$$ 是正项级数?"]
+ D --> |"否"| E["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty |a_n|$$ 收敛?"]
+ D --> |"是"| F["比较判别法;
比值/根值判别法"]
+ E --> |"否"| G["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 为交错级数?"]
+ E --> |"是"| H["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 绝对收敛"]
+ G --> |"否"| I["利用级数的运算性质,
如部分和,或其他判别法"]
+ G --> |"是"| J["级数每一项的绝对值单调递减?"]
+ J --> |"否"| I
+ J --> |"是"| K["莱布尼兹判别法:$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 条件收敛"]
+```
+>[!error] 非正项级数需要写明“绝对收敛”和“条件收敛”!
##### 项所加,则思无因忽以谬导;
在求导的时候,观察好每一项!不要漏掉了什么
##### 拐所及,则思无因x而漏y。
diff --git a/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md b/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md
index a0f7d01..0acea79 100644
--- a/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md
+++ b/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md
@@ -31,18 +31,23 @@ aliases:
使用这个定理是有条件的。因为 $F(x)$ 是 $f(x)$ 的一个原函数,所以它必须可导,从而必须连续。
有了这个定理,我们就可以比较方便地计算定积分了——至少比用定义方便。并且,这也让我们有了求不定积分的动力。根据不定积分的定义,我们可以将基本求导公式反推,得到下面的常用的基本不定积分公式(更详尽的在最下面):
-$\displaystyle\int 0 \, dx =C$,补药漏写常数 C 口牙!
-$\displaystyle\int k \, dx = kx + C$ ( $k$ 为常数)
-$\displaystyle\int x^\mu \, dx = \frac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1} + C$ ( $\mu \neq -1$ )
-$\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x} \, dx = \ln|x| + C$
-$\displaystyle\int a^x \, dx = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C$ ( $a>0,a\neq1$ )
-$\displaystyle\int e^x \, dx = e^x + C$
-$\displaystyle\int \sin x \, dx = -\cos x + C$
-$\displaystyle\int \cos x \, dx = \sin x + C$
-$\displaystyle\int \tan x \, dx = -\ln|\cos x| + C$
-$\displaystyle\int \cot x \, dx = \ln|\sin x| + C$
-$\displaystyle\int \sec x \, dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C$
-$\displaystyle\int \csc x \, dx = \ln|\csc x - \cot x| + C$
+$\displaystyle\int 0\mathrm dx =C$,补药漏写常数 C 口牙!
+$\displaystyle\int k\mathrm dx = kx + C$ ( $k$ 为常数)
+$\displaystyle\int x^\mu\mathrm dx = \frac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1} + C$ ( $\mu \neq -1$ )
+$\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x}\mathrm dx = \ln|x| + C$
+$\displaystyle\int a^x\mathrm dx = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C$ ( $a>0,a\neq1$ )
+$\displaystyle\int e^x\mathrm dx = e^x + C$
+$\displaystyle\int \sin x\mathrm dx = -\cos x + C$
+$\displaystyle\int \cos x\mathrm dx = \sin x + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \sec^2 x\mathrm dx = \tan x + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \csc^2 x\mathrm dx = -\cot x + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \sec x \tan x\mathrm dx = \sec x + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \csc x \cot x\mathrm dx = -\csc x + C$
+以下公式不是基本不定积分公式,但是也很常见,必须熟记:
+$\displaystyle\int \tan x\mathrm dx = -\ln|\cos x| + C$
+$\displaystyle\int \cot x\mathrm dx = \ln|\sin x| + C$
+$\displaystyle\int \sec x\mathrm dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C$
+$\displaystyle\int \csc x\mathrm dx = \ln|\csc x - \cot x| + C$
(这一列撬棍是不是特别喜感哈哈哈哈)
# Section 2 积分方法
## 预处理
@@ -173,8 +178,8 @@ $\sqrt{x^2+a^2} = \sqrt{a^2\tan^2 t + a^2} = a\sec t$
>因此$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left( \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{n+2} \right) = \frac{1}{2}.$$
>**解2:** 令 $t=1-x$,则
>$$\begin{aligned}
-a_n &= \int_0^1 x (1-x)^n \, dx = \int_0^1 (1-t) t^n \, dt \\
-&= \int_0^1 (t^n - t^{n+1}) \, dt = \left[ \frac{t^{n+1}}{n+1} - \frac{t^{n+2}}{n+2} \right]_0^1 \\
+a_n &= \int_0^1 x (1-x)^n\mathrm dx = \int_0^1 (1-t) t^n\mathrm dt \\
+&= \int_0^1 (t^n - t^{n+1})\mathrm dt = \left[ \frac{t^{n+1}}{n+1} - \frac{t^{n+2}}{n+2} \right]_0^1 \\
&= \frac{1}{n+1} - \frac{1}{n+2}.
>\end{aligned}$$
>后同解1
@@ -334,17 +339,17 @@ a_n &= \int_0^1 x (1-x)^n \, dx = \int_0^1 (1-t) t^n \, dt \\
>$\displaystyle \begin{align}I_n&=\int\tan^{n-2}x(\sec^2x-1)\text{d}x\\&=\int\tan^{n-2}x\text{d}(\tan x)-I_{n-2}\\&=\dfrac{\tan^{n-1}x}{n-1}-I_{n-2}\end{align}$
>[!example] 例题
->记 $\displaystyle I_n = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \, \mathrm{d}x, \ (n=0,1,2,\cdots)$。
+>记 $\displaystyle I_n = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \mathrm dx, \ (n=0,1,2,\cdots)$。
(1) 证明:当 $n \geq 2$ 时,$\displaystyle I_n = \frac{2^{\frac{n-2}{2}}}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} I_{n-2}$;
(2) 计算 $I_3$ 的值。
>[!solution] 解析
>(1)证明:$$\begin{aligned}
-I_n &= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \cdot \sec^2 x \, \mathrm{d}x \\
-&= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \, \mathrm{d}(\tan x) \\
-&= \left[ \tan x \sec^{n-2} x \right]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} - \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan x \cdot (n-2) \sec^{n-3} x \cdot \sec x \tan x \, \mathrm{d}x \\
-&= 1 \cdot 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan^2 x \sec^{n-2} x \, \mathrm{d}x \\
-&= 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} (\sec^2 x - 1) \sec^{n-2} x \, \mathrm{d}x \\
+I_n &= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \mathrm dx = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \cdot \sec^2 x \mathrm dx \\
+&= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \mathrm d(\tan x) \\
+&= \left[ \tan x \sec^{n-2} x \right]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} - \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan x \cdot (n-2) \sec^{n-3} x \cdot \sec x \tan x \mathrm dx \\
+&= 1 \cdot 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan^2 x \sec^{n-2} x \mathrm dx \\
+&= 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} (\sec^2 x - 1) \sec^{n-2} x \mathrm dx \\
&= 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \left( I_n - I_{n-2} \right),
\end{aligned}$$
>故$\displaystyle I_n = \frac{2^{\frac{n-2}{2}}}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} I_{n-2}.$
@@ -495,14 +500,14 @@ $$于是$$\begin{aligned}
>$f(x)=x-[x]$ 是周期为 $1$ 的函数,那么 $\displaystyle\int_{-2026}^{2026} (x-[x])\mathrm dx=5052\int_0^1(x-[x])\mathrm dx=5052\int_0^1x\mathrm dx=5052 \left[\frac{x^2}{2} \right]_0^1=2026$
>[!example] 例题
->已知 $a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \, \text dx,\ n=1,2,\cdots$,则下列级数收敛的是( )。
+>已知 $a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \mathrm dx,\ n=1,2,\cdots$,则下列级数收敛的是( )。
(A) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n}$
(B) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n^2}$
(C) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{a_n}{n}$
(D) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{a_n}{n^2}$
>[!note] 解析
->由于函数 $|\cos x|$ 以 $\pi$ 为周期,所以$$a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \, \text dx = n \int_0^{\pi} |\cos x| \, \text dx = n \cdot 2 \int_0^{\pi/2} \cos x \, \text dx = 2n\sin x|_0^{\pi/2} = 2n.$$
+>由于函数 $|\cos x|$ 以 $\pi$ 为周期,所以$$a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \mathrm dx = n \int_0^{\pi} |\cos x| \mathrm dx = n \cdot 2 \int_0^{\pi/2} \cos x \mathrm dx = 2n\sin x|_0^{\pi/2} = 2n.$$
>对于选项(A),有 $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_n}{n}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}2,$ 显然发散;
>对于选项(B),有 $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_n}{n^2}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{2}{n},$ 是调和级数的两倍,也发散;
>对于选项(C),有 $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{a_n}{n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{2n}{n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n 2,$ 通项不趋于 $0$,故发散;
@@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ $$
>[!solution] 解析
>(1)证明:
>考虑数列的单调性,有 $$a_{n+1}-a_n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} - 2\sqrt{n+1} + 2\sqrt{n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} - 2(\sqrt{n+1} - \sqrt{n}),$$由于$\displaystyle\sqrt{n+1} - \sqrt{n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n}}\gt\frac{1}{2\sqrt{n+1}},$ 所以$$a_{n+1} - a_n = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} - \frac{2}{\sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n}}\lt0,$$即数列 $\{a_n\}$ 单调递减。
->另一方面,利用定积分进行估计:$$2\sqrt n-2=\int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx < \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} < 1 + \int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx=2\sqrt n-1,$$
+>另一方面,利用定积分进行估计:$$2\sqrt n-2=\int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \mathrm dx < \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} < 1 + \int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \mathrm dx=2\sqrt n-1,$$
>所以 $-2\lt a_n\lt -1.$于是 $\{a_n\}$ 单调递减有下界,故数列收敛。
>(2)
>**解1:**
@@ -557,7 +562,7 @@ $$
\begin{aligned}
\lim_{n \to \infty} &\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+2}} + \cdots + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2n}} \right) \\
&= \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{n}}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{2}{n}}} + \cdots + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{n}{n}}} \right)\\
-&= \int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x}} \, dx \\
+&= \int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x}} \mathrm dx \\
&= 2\sqrt{1+x} \bigg|_0^1 \\
&= 2\sqrt{2} - 2.
\end{aligned}$$故所求极限为 $2\sqrt{2} - 2$。
@@ -601,49 +606,47 @@ $$
定积分的大坑主要是换元时要换上下限。
>[!warning] 注意!
>单纯把 $f'(x)\mathrm dx$ 换成 $\mathrm df(x)$ 不需要改变上下限,因为后者也是在对 $x$ 求积分,此时上下限仍然针对 $x$;当你使用全新的变量,如令 $t=f(x)$,且你决定设置 $t$ 为新积分变量而非单纯的关于 $x$ 的函数时,你必须更换成新的上下限。
+>即:上下限是根据变量设置的,而非仅仅根据微分算子后面的表达式
>[!bug] 请补充其他容易犯错的点
# Extra. 常用积分公式速记
### 一、三角函数积分
-
- $\displaystyle\int \sec^2 x \, dx = \tan x + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \csc^2 x \, dx = -\cot x + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \sec x \tan x \, dx = \sec x + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \csc x \cot x \, dx = -\csc x + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \sin^2 x \, dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \cos^2 x \, dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$
+
+ $\displaystyle\int \sin^2 x\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \cos^2 x\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$
### 二、反三角函数积分
- $\displaystyle\int \arcsin x \, dx = x\arcsin x + \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \arccos x \, dx = x\arccos x - \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \arctan x \, dx = x\arctan x - \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \text{arccot } x \, dx = x\text{arccot } x + \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \arcsin x\mathrm dx = x\arcsin x + \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \arccos x\mathrm dx = x\arccos x - \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \arctan x\mathrm dx = x\arctan x - \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \text{arccot } x\mathrm dx = x\text{arccot } x + \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$
### 三、含根式的积分( a>0 )
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} \, dx = \arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} \, dx = \ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}} \, dx = \ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{a^2 - x^2} \, dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2 - x^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 + a^2} \, dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 + a^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 - a^2} \, dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}}\mathrm dx = \arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}\mathrm dx = \ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}}\mathrm dx = \ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{a^2 - x^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2 - x^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 + a^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$
### 四、含分式的积分( $a\neq0$ )
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 + a^2} \, dx = \frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{x}{a} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 - a^2} \, dx = \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{x - a}{x + a}\right| + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{ax + b} \, dx = \frac{1}{a}\ln|ax + b| + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 + a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{x}{a} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 - a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{x - a}{x + a}\right| + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{ax + b}\mathrm dx = \frac{1}{a}\ln|ax + b| + C$
### 五、指数与对数结合积分
- $\displaystyle\int x e^x \, dx = (x-1)e^x + C$
-$\displaystyle\int x \ln x \, dx = \frac{x^2}{2}\ln x - \frac{x^2}{4} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int e^x \sin x \, dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x - \cos x) + C$
- $\displaystyle\int e^x \cos x \, dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x + \cos x) + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int x e^x\mathrm dx = (x-1)e^x + C$
+$\displaystyle\int x \ln x\mathrm dx = \frac{x^2}{2}\ln x - \frac{x^2}{4} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int e^x \sin x\mathrm dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x - \cos x) + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int e^x \cos x\mathrm dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x + \cos x) + C$
### 六、常用凑微分积分
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} \, dx = \arcsin x + C = -\arccos x + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{1 + x^2} \, dx = \arctan x + C = -\text{arccot } x + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x\ln x} \, dx = \ln|\ln x| + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{e^{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx = 2e^{\sqrt{x}} + C$
- $\displaystyle\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx = -2\cos\sqrt{x} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}\mathrm dx = \arcsin x + C = -\arccos x + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{1 + x^2}\mathrm dx = \arctan x + C = -\text{arccot } x + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x\ln x}\mathrm dx = \ln|\ln x| + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{e^{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}\mathrm dx = 2e^{\sqrt{x}} + C$
+ $\displaystyle\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\mathrm dx = -2\cos\sqrt{x} + C$
>[!abstract] 练习
>尝试推导上述公式
-Trivia: 魔法六边形
+# Trivia
+魔法六边形