From d26b26b8bf477d3697e6a3d57d4b170c5cbcce43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Cym10x Date: Fri, 30 Jan 2026 09:14:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E5=96=84=E7=BA=A7=E6=95=B0=E6=B1=82?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=92=8C?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../图片/README/图片解释启用CSS.png | Bin 素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md | 18 ++- .../讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md | 111 +++++++++--------- 3 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-) rename 图片解释启用CSS.png => 素材/图片/README/图片解释启用CSS.png (100%) diff --git a/图片解释启用CSS.png b/素材/图片/README/图片解释启用CSS.png similarity index 100% rename from 图片解释启用CSS.png rename to 素材/图片/README/图片解释启用CSS.png diff --git a/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md b/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md index f8ddc98..a913e99 100644 --- a/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md +++ b/素材/谏学高数者十思疏.md @@ -17,8 +17,22 @@ $f(g(h(x)))=f'(g(h(x)))·g'(h(x))·h'(x)$ ##### 虑换元,则思积分上下限; 在定积分的换元时,注意上下限有没有一并换好! ##### 惧级数,则思判别勿用错; -级数的判别 ->[!bug] TODO: 添加级数的判别图表 +级数的判别需要按照以下步骤执行: +```mermaid +flowchart TD + A["开始"] --> B["$$\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=0?$$"] + B --> |"否"| C["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 发散(必要条件)"] + B --> |"是"| D["$$\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n$$ 是正项级数?"] + D --> |"否"| E["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty |a_n|$$ 收敛?"] + D --> |"是"| F["比较判别法;
比值/根值判别法"] + E --> |"否"| G["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 为交错级数?"] + E --> |"是"| H["$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 绝对收敛"] + G --> |"否"| I["利用级数的运算性质,
如部分和,或其他判别法"] + G --> |"是"| J["级数每一项的绝对值单调递减?"] + J --> |"否"| I + J --> |"是"| K["莱布尼兹判别法:$$\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$$ 条件收敛"] +``` +>[!error] 非正项级数需要写明“绝对收敛”和“条件收敛”! ##### 项所加,则思无因忽以谬导; 在求导的时候,观察好每一项!不要漏掉了什么 ##### 拐所及,则思无因x而漏y。 diff --git a/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md b/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md index a0f7d01..0acea79 100644 --- a/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md +++ b/编写小组/讲义/一元积分学(Part 1).md @@ -31,18 +31,23 @@ aliases: 使用这个定理是有条件的。因为 $F(x)$ 是 $f(x)$ 的一个原函数,所以它必须可导,从而必须连续。 有了这个定理,我们就可以比较方便地计算定积分了——至少比用定义方便。并且,这也让我们有了求不定积分的动力。根据不定积分的定义,我们可以将基本求导公式反推,得到下面的常用的基本不定积分公式(更详尽的在最下面): -$\displaystyle\int 0 \, dx =C$,补药漏写常数 C 口牙! -$\displaystyle\int k \, dx = kx + C$ ( $k$ 为常数) -$\displaystyle\int x^\mu \, dx = \frac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1} + C$ ( $\mu \neq -1$ ) -$\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x} \, dx = \ln|x| + C$ -$\displaystyle\int a^x \, dx = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C$ ( $a>0,a\neq1$ ) -$\displaystyle\int e^x \, dx = e^x + C$ -$\displaystyle\int \sin x \, dx = -\cos x + C$ -$\displaystyle\int \cos x \, dx = \sin x + C$ -$\displaystyle\int \tan x \, dx = -\ln|\cos x| + C$ -$\displaystyle\int \cot x \, dx = \ln|\sin x| + C$ -$\displaystyle\int \sec x \, dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C$ -$\displaystyle\int \csc x \, dx = \ln|\csc x - \cot x| + C$ +$\displaystyle\int 0\mathrm dx =C$,补药漏写常数 C 口牙! +$\displaystyle\int k\mathrm dx = kx + C$ ( $k$ 为常数) +$\displaystyle\int x^\mu\mathrm dx = \frac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1} + C$ ( $\mu \neq -1$ ) +$\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x}\mathrm dx = \ln|x| + C$ +$\displaystyle\int a^x\mathrm dx = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C$ ( $a>0,a\neq1$ ) +$\displaystyle\int e^x\mathrm dx = e^x + C$ +$\displaystyle\int \sin x\mathrm dx = -\cos x + C$ +$\displaystyle\int \cos x\mathrm dx = \sin x + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \sec^2 x\mathrm dx = \tan x + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \csc^2 x\mathrm dx = -\cot x + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \sec x \tan x\mathrm dx = \sec x + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \csc x \cot x\mathrm dx = -\csc x + C$ +以下公式不是基本不定积分公式,但是也很常见,必须熟记: +$\displaystyle\int \tan x\mathrm dx = -\ln|\cos x| + C$ +$\displaystyle\int \cot x\mathrm dx = \ln|\sin x| + C$ +$\displaystyle\int \sec x\mathrm dx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C$ +$\displaystyle\int \csc x\mathrm dx = \ln|\csc x - \cot x| + C$ (这一列撬棍是不是特别喜感哈哈哈哈) # Section 2 积分方法 ## 预处理 @@ -173,8 +178,8 @@ $\sqrt{x^2+a^2} = \sqrt{a^2\tan^2 t + a^2} = a\sec t$ >因此$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left( \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{n+2} \right) = \frac{1}{2}.$$ >**解2:** 令 $t=1-x$,则 >$$\begin{aligned} -a_n &= \int_0^1 x (1-x)^n \, dx = \int_0^1 (1-t) t^n \, dt \\ -&= \int_0^1 (t^n - t^{n+1}) \, dt = \left[ \frac{t^{n+1}}{n+1} - \frac{t^{n+2}}{n+2} \right]_0^1 \\ +a_n &= \int_0^1 x (1-x)^n\mathrm dx = \int_0^1 (1-t) t^n\mathrm dt \\ +&= \int_0^1 (t^n - t^{n+1})\mathrm dt = \left[ \frac{t^{n+1}}{n+1} - \frac{t^{n+2}}{n+2} \right]_0^1 \\ &= \frac{1}{n+1} - \frac{1}{n+2}. >\end{aligned}$$ >后同解1 @@ -334,17 +339,17 @@ a_n &= \int_0^1 x (1-x)^n \, dx = \int_0^1 (1-t) t^n \, dt \\ >$\displaystyle \begin{align}I_n&=\int\tan^{n-2}x(\sec^2x-1)\text{d}x\\&=\int\tan^{n-2}x\text{d}(\tan x)-I_{n-2}\\&=\dfrac{\tan^{n-1}x}{n-1}-I_{n-2}\end{align}$ >[!example] 例题 ->记 $\displaystyle I_n = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \, \mathrm{d}x, \ (n=0,1,2,\cdots)$。 +>记 $\displaystyle I_n = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \mathrm dx, \ (n=0,1,2,\cdots)$。 (1) 证明:当 $n \geq 2$ 时,$\displaystyle I_n = \frac{2^{\frac{n-2}{2}}}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} I_{n-2}$; (2) 计算 $I_3$ 的值。 >[!solution] 解析 >(1)证明:$$\begin{aligned} -I_n &= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \, \mathrm{d}x = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \cdot \sec^2 x \, \mathrm{d}x \\ -&= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \, \mathrm{d}(\tan x) \\ -&= \left[ \tan x \sec^{n-2} x \right]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} - \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan x \cdot (n-2) \sec^{n-3} x \cdot \sec x \tan x \, \mathrm{d}x \\ -&= 1 \cdot 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan^2 x \sec^{n-2} x \, \mathrm{d}x \\ -&= 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} (\sec^2 x - 1) \sec^{n-2} x \, \mathrm{d}x \\ +I_n &= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^n x \mathrm dx = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \cdot \sec^2 x \mathrm dx \\ +&= \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sec^{n-2} x \mathrm d(\tan x) \\ +&= \left[ \tan x \sec^{n-2} x \right]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} - \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan x \cdot (n-2) \sec^{n-3} x \cdot \sec x \tan x \mathrm dx \\ +&= 1 \cdot 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan^2 x \sec^{n-2} x \mathrm dx \\ +&= 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} (\sec^2 x - 1) \sec^{n-2} x \mathrm dx \\ &= 2^{\frac{n-2}{2}} - (n-2) \left( I_n - I_{n-2} \right), \end{aligned}$$ >故$\displaystyle I_n = \frac{2^{\frac{n-2}{2}}}{n-1} + \frac{n-2}{n-1} I_{n-2}.$ @@ -495,14 +500,14 @@ $$于是$$\begin{aligned} >$f(x)=x-[x]$ 是周期为 $1$ 的函数,那么 $\displaystyle\int_{-2026}^{2026} (x-[x])\mathrm dx=5052\int_0^1(x-[x])\mathrm dx=5052\int_0^1x\mathrm dx=5052 \left[\frac{x^2}{2} \right]_0^1=2026$ >[!example] 例题 ->已知 $a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \, \text dx,\ n=1,2,\cdots$,则下列级数收敛的是( )。 +>已知 $a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \mathrm dx,\ n=1,2,\cdots$,则下列级数收敛的是( )。 (A) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n}$ (B) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{a_n}{n^2}$ (C) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{a_n}{n}$ (D) $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{a_n}{n^2}$ >[!note] 解析 ->由于函数 $|\cos x|$ 以 $\pi$ 为周期,所以$$a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \, \text dx = n \int_0^{\pi} |\cos x| \, \text dx = n \cdot 2 \int_0^{\pi/2} \cos x \, \text dx = 2n\sin x|_0^{\pi/2} = 2n.$$ +>由于函数 $|\cos x|$ 以 $\pi$ 为周期,所以$$a_n = \int_0^{n\pi} |\cos x| \mathrm dx = n \int_0^{\pi} |\cos x| \mathrm dx = n \cdot 2 \int_0^{\pi/2} \cos x \mathrm dx = 2n\sin x|_0^{\pi/2} = 2n.$$ >对于选项(A),有 $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_n}{n}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}2,$ 显然发散; >对于选项(B),有 $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_n}{n^2}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{2}{n},$ 是调和级数的两倍,也发散; >对于选项(C),有 $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{a_n}{n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{2n}{n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n 2,$ 通项不趋于 $0$,故发散; @@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ $$ >[!solution] 解析 >(1)证明: >考虑数列的单调性,有 $$a_{n+1}-a_n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} - 2\sqrt{n+1} + 2\sqrt{n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} - 2(\sqrt{n+1} - \sqrt{n}),$$由于$\displaystyle\sqrt{n+1} - \sqrt{n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n}}\gt\frac{1}{2\sqrt{n+1}},$ 所以$$a_{n+1} - a_n = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} - \frac{2}{\sqrt{n+1} + \sqrt{n}}\lt0,$$即数列 $\{a_n\}$ 单调递减。 ->另一方面,利用定积分进行估计:$$2\sqrt n-2=\int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx < \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} < 1 + \int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx=2\sqrt n-1,$$ +>另一方面,利用定积分进行估计:$$2\sqrt n-2=\int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \mathrm dx < \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} < 1 + \int_1^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \mathrm dx=2\sqrt n-1,$$ >所以 $-2\lt a_n\lt -1.$于是 $\{a_n\}$ 单调递减有下界,故数列收敛。 >(2) >**解1:** @@ -557,7 +562,7 @@ $$ \begin{aligned} \lim_{n \to \infty} &\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{n+2}} + \cdots + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2n}} \right) \\ &= \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{n}}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{2}{n}}} + \cdots + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{n}{n}}} \right)\\ -&= \int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x}} \, dx \\ +&= \int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x}} \mathrm dx \\ &= 2\sqrt{1+x} \bigg|_0^1 \\ &= 2\sqrt{2} - 2. \end{aligned}$$故所求极限为 $2\sqrt{2} - 2$。 @@ -601,49 +606,47 @@ $$ 定积分的大坑主要是换元时要换上下限。 >[!warning] 注意! >单纯把 $f'(x)\mathrm dx$ 换成 $\mathrm df(x)$ 不需要改变上下限,因为后者也是在对 $x$ 求积分,此时上下限仍然针对 $x$;当你使用全新的变量,如令 $t=f(x)$,且你决定设置 $t$ 为新积分变量而非单纯的关于 $x$ 的函数时,你必须更换成新的上下限。 +>即:上下限是根据变量设置的,而非仅仅根据微分算子后面的表达式 >[!bug] 请补充其他容易犯错的点 # Extra. 常用积分公式速记 ### 一、三角函数积分 - - $\displaystyle\int \sec^2 x \, dx = \tan x + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \csc^2 x \, dx = -\cot x + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \sec x \tan x \, dx = \sec x + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \csc x \cot x \, dx = -\csc x + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \sin^2 x \, dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \cos^2 x \, dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$ + + $\displaystyle\int \sin^2 x\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \cos^2 x\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sin 2x}{4} + C$ ### 二、反三角函数积分 - $\displaystyle\int \arcsin x \, dx = x\arcsin x + \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \arccos x \, dx = x\arccos x - \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \arctan x \, dx = x\arctan x - \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \text{arccot } x \, dx = x\text{arccot } x + \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \arcsin x\mathrm dx = x\arcsin x + \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \arccos x\mathrm dx = x\arccos x - \sqrt{1-x^2} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \arctan x\mathrm dx = x\arctan x - \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \text{arccot } x\mathrm dx = x\text{arccot } x + \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2) + C$ ### 三、含根式的积分( a>0 ) - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} \, dx = \arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} \, dx = \ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}} \, dx = \ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{a^2 - x^2} \, dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2 - x^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 + a^2} \, dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 + a^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 - a^2} \, dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}}\mathrm dx = \arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}\mathrm dx = \ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}}\mathrm dx = \ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{a^2 - x^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2 - x^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\frac{x}{a} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 + a^2} + \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}\right) + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - \frac{a^2}{2}\ln\left|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}\right| + C$ ### 四、含分式的积分( $a\neq0$ ) - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 + a^2} \, dx = \frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{x}{a} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 - a^2} \, dx = \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{x - a}{x + a}\right| + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{ax + b} \, dx = \frac{1}{a}\ln|ax + b| + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 + a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{x}{a} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x^2 - a^2}\mathrm dx = \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\frac{x - a}{x + a}\right| + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{ax + b}\mathrm dx = \frac{1}{a}\ln|ax + b| + C$ ### 五、指数与对数结合积分 - $\displaystyle\int x e^x \, dx = (x-1)e^x + C$ -$\displaystyle\int x \ln x \, dx = \frac{x^2}{2}\ln x - \frac{x^2}{4} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int e^x \sin x \, dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x - \cos x) + C$ - $\displaystyle\int e^x \cos x \, dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x + \cos x) + C$ + $\displaystyle\int x e^x\mathrm dx = (x-1)e^x + C$ +$\displaystyle\int x \ln x\mathrm dx = \frac{x^2}{2}\ln x - \frac{x^2}{4} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int e^x \sin x\mathrm dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x - \cos x) + C$ + $\displaystyle\int e^x \cos x\mathrm dx = \frac{e^x}{2}(\sin x + \cos x) + C$ ### 六、常用凑微分积分 - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} \, dx = \arcsin x + C = -\arccos x + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{1 + x^2} \, dx = \arctan x + C = -\text{arccot } x + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x\ln x} \, dx = \ln|\ln x| + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{e^{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx = 2e^{\sqrt{x}} + C$ - $\displaystyle\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}} \, dx = -2\cos\sqrt{x} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}\mathrm dx = \arcsin x + C = -\arccos x + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{1 + x^2}\mathrm dx = \arctan x + C = -\text{arccot } x + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{1}{x\ln x}\mathrm dx = \ln|\ln x| + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{e^{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x}}\mathrm dx = 2e^{\sqrt{x}} + C$ + $\displaystyle\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\mathrm dx = -2\cos\sqrt{x} + C$ >[!abstract] 练习 >尝试推导上述公式 -Trivia: 魔法六边形 +# Trivia +魔法六边形