diff --git a/素材/正交矩阵和施密特正交化法.md b/素材/正交矩阵和施密特正交化法.md index ec5dc10..1b77157 100644 --- a/素材/正交矩阵和施密特正交化法.md +++ b/素材/正交矩阵和施密特正交化法.md @@ -22,26 +22,42 @@ **解析** -$$H^TH - -\begin{align*} -H^T &= (E - l\alpha\alpha^T)^T = E - l\alpha\alpha^T \\ -H^TH &= (E - l\alpha\alpha^T)(E - l\alpha\alpha^T) \\ +解题思路 +正交矩阵的定义是:若矩阵 H 满足 $H^T H = E$(其中 E 为单位矩阵),则 H 为正交矩阵。我们从这个定义出发推导条件。 +步骤1:写出 $H^T$ +已知 $H = E - l\alpha\alpha^T$,转置得 +$$H^T = (E - l\alpha\alpha^T)^T = E^T - l(\alpha\alpha^T)^T = E - l\alpha\alpha^T$$ + +(因为 $E^T=E$,且 $(\alpha\alpha^T)^T = \alpha\alpha^T$) +步骤2:计算 $H^T H$ +$$\begin{align*} +H^T H &= (E - l\alpha\alpha^T)(E - l\alpha\alpha^T) \\ &= E \cdot E - E \cdot l\alpha\alpha^T - l\alpha\alpha^T \cdot E + l^2\alpha\alpha^T \cdot \alpha\alpha^T \\ -&= E - 2l\alpha\alpha^T + l^2\alpha(\alpha^T\alpha)\alpha^T \\ -&= E - 2l\alpha\alpha^T + l^2k^2\alpha\alpha^T \\ -&= E + \left(-2l + l^2k^2\right)\alpha\alpha^T +&= E - 2l\alpha\alpha^T + l^2\alpha(\alpha^T\alpha)\alpha^T \end{align*}$$ - 令 $H^TH = E$ -要使 $H^TH = E$,必须满足: -$$\left(-2l + l^2k^2\right)\alpha\alpha^T = O$$ -若 $\alpha \neq \boldsymbol{0}$(即 $k \neq 0$),则 $\alpha\alpha^T \neq O$,故 -$$-2l + l^2k^2 = 0 \implies l(lk^2 - 2) = 0$$ -解得 $l = 0$或 $l = \dfrac{2}{k^2}$。 -故 -若 $\alpha = \boldsymbol{0}$(即 k = 0),则 $H = E$,显然 H 是正交矩阵,此时 $l$ 可取任意实数。 -当 k = 0(即$\alpha = \boldsymbol{0}$)时,H = E 恒为正交矩阵,$l$ 为任意实数。 -当 $k \neq 0$(即 $\alpha \neq \boldsymbol{0}$)时,H 为正交矩阵当且仅当 $l = 0 或 l = \dfrac{2}{k^2}$。 +步骤3:代入$\alpha^T\alpha = \|\alpha\|^2 = k^2$ +$$H^T H = E - 2l\alpha\alpha^T + l^2 k^2 \alpha\alpha^T$$ + +合并同类项: +$$H^T H = E + \left(-2l + l^2 k^2\right)\alpha\alpha^T$$ +步骤4:令 $H^T H = E$ +要使上式等于单位矩阵 E,必须满足: +$$\left(-2l + l^2 k^2\right)\alpha\alpha^T = O$$ + +(O 为零矩阵) +若 $\alpha \neq 0(即 k \neq 0)$,则$\alpha\alpha^T \neq O$,因此系数必须为0: +$$-2l + l^2 k^2 = 0 \implies l(l k^2 - 2) = 0$$ + +解得$l = 0$ 或 $l = \dfrac{2}{k^2}$。 +若 $\alpha = 0(即 k = 0$),则 H = E,显然 E 是正交矩阵,此时对任意$l \in \mathbb{R}$ 均成立。 +最终结论 +$$\boxed{ +\begin{aligned} +&1.\ \text{当}\ k = 0\ \text{时,对任意实数}\ l,\ H\ \text{为正交矩阵;} \\ +&2.\ \text{当}\ k \neq 0\ \text{时,}l = 0\ \text{或}\ l = \dfrac{2}{k^2}\ \text{时,}H\ \text{为正交矩阵。} +\end{aligned} +} +$$