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src/AFLplusplus-stable/src/afl-as.c
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/*
american fuzzy lop++ - wrapper for GNU as
-----------------------------------------
Originally written by Michal Zalewski
Now maintained by Marc Heuse <mh@mh-sec.de>,
Heiko Eissfeldt <heiko.eissfeldt@hexco.de> and
Andrea Fioraldi <andreafioraldi@gmail.com>
Copyright 2016, 2017 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2019-2024 AFLplusplus Project. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at:
https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
The sole purpose of this wrapper is to preprocess assembly files generated
by GCC / clang and inject the instrumentation bits included from afl-as.h. It
is automatically invoked by the toolchain when compiling programs using
afl-gcc / afl-clang.
Note that it's an explicit non-goal to instrument hand-written assembly,
be it in separate .s files or in __asm__ blocks. The only aspiration this
utility has right now is to be able to skip them gracefully and allow the
compilation process to continue.
That said, see utils/clang_asm_normalize/ for a solution that may
allow clang users to make things work even with hand-crafted assembly. Just
note that there is no equivalent for GCC.
*/
#define AFL_MAIN
#include "config.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "alloc-inl.h"
#include "afl-as.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
static u8 **as_params; /* Parameters passed to the real 'as' */
static u8 *input_file; /* Originally specified input file */
static u8 *modified_file; /* Instrumented file for the real 'as' */
static u8 be_quiet, /* Quiet mode (no stderr output) */
clang_mode, /* Running in clang mode? */
pass_thru, /* Just pass data through? */
just_version, /* Just show version? */
sanitizer; /* Using ASAN / MSAN */
static u32 inst_ratio = 100, /* Instrumentation probability (%) */
as_par_cnt = 1; /* Number of params to 'as' */
/* If we don't find --32 or --64 in the command line, default to
instrumentation for whichever mode we were compiled with. This is not
perfect, but should do the trick for almost all use cases. */
#ifdef WORD_SIZE_64
static u8 use_64bit = 1;
#else
static u8 use_64bit = 0;
#ifdef __APPLE__
#error "Sorry, 32-bit Apple platforms are not supported."
#endif /* __APPLE__ */
#endif /* ^WORD_SIZE_64 */
/* Examine and modify parameters to pass to 'as'. Note that the file name
is always the last parameter passed by GCC, so we exploit this property
to keep the code simple. */
static void edit_params(int argc, char **argv) {
// 获取临时目录路径和AFL_AS环境变量
u8 *tmp_dir = getenv("TMPDIR"), *afl_as = getenv("AFL_AS");
u32 i, input_index;
#ifdef __APPLE__
u8 use_clang_as = 0;
// 在MacOS下，若使用clang且没有设置AFL_AS，则使用clang作为汇编器
if (clang_mode && !afl_as) {
use_clang_as = 1;
afl_as = getenv("AFL_CC"); // 获取AFL_CC环境变量
if (!afl_as) afl_as = getenv("AFL_CXX"); // 获取AFL_CXX环境变量
if (!afl_as) afl_as = "clang"; // 默认使用clang
}
#endif
// 如果TMPDIR环境变量为空，尝试从TEMP和TMP获取临时目录
if (!tmp_dir) { tmp_dir = getenv("TEMP"); }
if (!tmp_dir) { tmp_dir = getenv("TMP"); }
if (!tmp_dir) { tmp_dir = "/tmp"; } // 默认临时目录为"/tmp"
// 为汇编参数分配内存，确保不会超过最大参数个数
as_params = ck_alloc((argc + 32) * sizeof(u8 *));
if (unlikely((INT_MAX - 32) < argc || !as_params)) {
FATAL("Too many parameters passed to as"); // 参数过多，终止
}
// 设置汇编器命令
as_params[0] = afl_as ? afl_as : (u8 *)"as";
as_params[argc] = 0;
// 查找输入文件，通常位于命令行参数的最后
for (input_index = argc - 1; input_index > 0; input_index--) {
input_file = argv[input_index];
// 如果遇到调试选项，跳过
if (strncmp(input_file, "-g", 2)) break;
}
// 如果没有找到输入文件，输出错误信息
if (input_index == 0)
FATAL("Could not find input file (not called through afl-gcc?)");
// 遍历参数，处理与汇编相关的选项
for (i = 1; (s32)i < argc; i++) {
if (i == input_index) continue; // 跳过输入文件
// 处理64位和32位选项
if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--64")) {
use_64bit = 1;
} else if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--32")) {
use_64bit = 0;
}
#ifdef __APPLE__
// 在MacOS下，处理架构选项
if (!strcmp(argv[i], "-arch") && i + 1 < (u32)argc) {
if (!strcmp(argv[i + 1], "x86_64"))
use_64bit = 1;
else if (!strcmp(argv[i + 1], "i386"))
FATAL("Sorry, 32-bit Apple platforms are not supported.");
}
#endif
// 跳过不相关的选项
if (clang_mode && (!strcmp(argv[i], "-q") || !strcmp(argv[i], "-Q")))
continue;
// 将参数添加到汇编器参数列表
as_params[as_par_cnt++] = argv[i];
}
#ifdef __APPLE__
// 如果使用clang作为汇编器，追加相关选项
if (use_clang_as) {
as_params[as_par_cnt++] = "-c";
as_params[as_par_cnt++] = "-x";
as_params[as_par_cnt++] = "assembler";
}
#endif
// 如果输入文件是"-"参数，检查是否为版本信息
if (input_file[0] == '-') {
if (!strcmp(input_file + 1, "-version")) {
just_version = 1;
modified_file = input_file;
goto wrap_things_up; // 跳到结束处理
}
if (input_file[1]) {
FATAL("Incorrect use (not called through afl-gcc?)");
} else {
input_file = NULL; // 没有文件参数
}
} else {
// 检查输入文件是否为临时文件，并决定是否需要通过工具传递
if (strncmp(input_file, tmp_dir, strlen(tmp_dir)) &&
strncmp(input_file, "/var/tmp/", 9) &&
strncmp(input_file, "/tmp/", 5) &&
getenv("AFL_AS_FORCE_INSTRUMENT") == NULL) {
pass_thru = 1;
} else if (getenv("AFL_AS_FORCE_INSTRUMENT")) {
unsetenv("AFL_AS_FORCE_INSTRUMENT"); // 强制插桩的环境变量取消
}
}
// 为汇编文件生成一个唯一的临时文件名
modified_file = alloc_printf("%s/.afl-%u-%u-%u.s", tmp_dir, (u32)getpid(),
(u32)time(NULL), (u32)random());
}
>>>>>>> e12b99bad19de97a02e9fe14b9b2c048338b2ab7
wrap_things_up:
as_params[as_par_cnt++] = modified_file;
as_params[as_par_cnt] = NULL;
}
/* Process input file, generate modified_file. Insert instrumentation in all
the appropriate places. */
static void add_instrumentation(void) {
static u8 line[MAX_LINE];
FILE *inf;
FILE *outf;
s32 outfd;
u32 ins_lines = 0;
u8 instr_ok = 0, skip_csect = 0, skip_next_label = 0, skip_intel = 0,
skip_app = 0, instrument_next = 0;
#ifdef __APPLE__
<<<<<<< HEAD
u8 *colon_pos;
=======
u8 *colon_pos;
>>>>>>> e12b99bad19de97a02e9fe14b9b2c048338b2ab7
#endif /* __APPLE__ */
if (input_file) {
inf = fopen(input_file, "r");
if (!inf) { PFATAL("Unable to read '%s'", input_file); }
} else {
inf = stdin;
}
outfd = open(modified_file, O_WRONLY | O_EXCL | O_CREAT, DEFAULT_PERMISSION);
if (outfd < 0) { PFATAL("Unable to write to '%s'", modified_file); }
outf = fdopen(outfd, "w");
if (!outf) { PFATAL("fdopen() failed"); }
while (fgets(line, MAX_LINE, inf)) {
if (!pass_thru && !skip_intel && !skip_app && !skip_csect && instr_ok &&
instrument_next && line[0] == '\t' && isalpha(line[1])) {
fprintf(outf, use_64bit ? trampoline_fmt_64 : trampoline_fmt_32,
R(MAP_SIZE));
instrument_next = 0;
ins_lines++;
}
/* Output the actual line, call it a day in pass-thru mode. */
fputs(line, outf);
if (pass_thru) { continue; }
/* All right, this is where the actual fun begins. For one, we only want to
instrument the .text section. So, let's keep track of that in processed
files - and let's set instr_ok accordingly. */
if (line[0] == '\t' && line[1] == '.') {
/* OpenBSD puts jump tables directly inline with the code, which is
a bit annoying. They use a specific format of p2align directives
around them, so we use that as a signal. */
if (!clang_mode && instr_ok && !strncmp(line + 2, "p2align ", 8) &&
isdigit(line[10]) && line[11] == '\n') {
skip_next_label = 1;
}
if (!strncmp(line + 2, "text\n", 5) ||
!strncmp(line + 2, "section\t.text", 13) ||
!strncmp(line + 2, "section\t__TEXT,__text", 21) ||
!strncmp(line + 2, "section __TEXT,__text", 21)) {
instr_ok = 1;
continue;
}
if (!strncmp(line + 2, "section\t", 8) ||
!strncmp(line + 2, "section ", 8) || !strncmp(line + 2, "bss\n", 4) ||
!strncmp(line + 2, "data\n", 5)) {
instr_ok = 0;
continue;
}
}
/* Detect off-flavor assembly (rare, happens in gdb). When this is
encountered, we set skip_csect until the opposite directive is
seen, and we do not instrument. */
if (strstr(line, ".code")) {
if (strstr(line, ".code32")) { skip_csect = use_64bit; }
if (strstr(line, ".code64")) { skip_csect = !use_64bit; }
}
/* Detect syntax changes, as could happen with hand-written assembly.
Skip Intel blocks, resume instrumentation when back to AT&T. */
if (strstr(line, ".intel_syntax")) { skip_intel = 1; }
if (strstr(line, ".att_syntax")) { skip_intel = 0; }
/* Detect and skip ad-hoc __asm__ blocks, likewise skipping them. */
if (line[0] == '#' || line[1] == '#') {
if (strstr(line, "#APP")) { skip_app = 1; }
if (strstr(line, "#NO_APP")) { skip_app = 0; }
}
/* If we're in the right mood for instrumenting, check for function
names or conditional labels. This is a bit messy, but in essence,
we want to catch:
^main: - function entry point (always instrumented)
^.L0: - GCC branch label
^.LBB0_0: - clang branch label (but only in clang mode)
^\tjnz foo - conditional branches
...but not:
^# BB#0: - clang comments
^ # BB#0: - ditto
^.Ltmp0: - clang non-branch labels
^.LC0 - GCC non-branch labels
^.LBB0_0: - ditto (when in GCC mode)
^\tjmp foo - non-conditional jumps
Additionally, clang and GCC on MacOS X follow a different convention
with no leading dots on labels, hence the weird maze of #ifdefs
later on.
*/
if (skip_intel || skip_app || skip_csect || !instr_ok || line[0] == '#' ||
line[0] == ' ') {
continue;
}
/* Conditional branch instruction (jnz, etc). We append the instrumentation
right after the branch (to instrument the not-taken path) and at the
branch destination label (handled later on). */
if (line[0] == '\t') {
if (line[1] == 'j' && line[2] != 'm' && R(100) < (long)inst_ratio) {
fprintf(outf, use_64bit ? trampoline_fmt_64 : trampoline_fmt_32,
R(MAP_SIZE));
ins_lines++;
}
continue;
}
/* Label of some sort. This may be a branch destination, but we need to
read carefully and account for several different formatting
conventions. */
#ifdef __APPLE__
/* Apple: L<whatever><digit>: */
if ((colon_pos = strstr(line, ":"))) {
if (line[0] == 'L' && isdigit(*(colon_pos - 1))) {
#else
/* Everybody else: .L<whatever>: */
if (strstr(line, ":")) {
if (line[0] == '.') {
#endif /* __APPLE__ */
/* .L0: or LBB0_0: style jump destination */
#ifdef __APPLE__
/* Apple: L<num> / LBB<num> */
if ((isdigit(line[1]) || (clang_mode && !strncmp(line, "LBB", 3))) &&
R(100) < (long)inst_ratio) {
#else
/* Apple: .L<num> / .LBB<num> */
if ((isdigit(line[2]) ||
(clang_mode && !strncmp(line + 1, "LBB", 3))) &&
R(100) < (long)inst_ratio) {
#endif /* __APPLE__ */
/* An optimization is possible here by adding the code only if the
label is mentioned in the code in contexts other than call / jmp.
That said, this complicates the code by requiring two-pass
processing (messy with stdin), and results in a speed gain
typically under 10%, because compilers are generally pretty good
about not generating spurious intra-function jumps.
We use deferred output chiefly to avoid disrupting
.Lfunc_begin0-style exception handling calculations (a problem on
MacOS X). */
if (!skip_next_label) {
instrument_next = 1;
} else {
skip_next_label = 0;
}
}
} else {
/* Function label (always instrumented, deferred mode). */
instrument_next = 1;
}
}
}
if (ins_lines) { fputs(use_64bit ? main_payload_64 : main_payload_32, outf); }
if (input_file) { fclose(inf); }
fclose(outf);
if (!be_quiet) {
if (!ins_lines) {
WARNF("No instrumentation targets found%s.",
pass_thru ? " (pass-thru mode)" : "");
} else {
char modeline[100];
snprintf(modeline, sizeof(modeline), "%s%s%s%s%s%s",
getenv("AFL_HARDEN") ? "hardened" : "non-hardened",
getenv("AFL_USE_ASAN") ? ", ASAN" : "",
getenv("AFL_USE_MSAN") ? ", MSAN" : "",
getenv("AFL_USE_TSAN") ? ", TSAN" : "",
getenv("AFL_USE_UBSAN") ? ", UBSAN" : "",
getenv("AFL_USE_LSAN") ? ", LSAN" : "");
OKF("Instrumented %u locations (%s-bit, %s mode, ratio %u%%).", ins_lines,
use_64bit ? "64" : "32", modeline, inst_ratio);
}
}
}
/* Main entry point */
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
s32 pid;
u32 rand_seed, i, j;
int status;
u8 *inst_ratio_str = getenv("AFL_INST_RATIO");
struct timeval tv;
struct timezone tz;
clang_mode = !!getenv(CLANG_ENV_VAR);
if ((isatty(2) && !getenv("AFL_QUIET")) || getenv("AFL_DEBUG") != NULL) {
SAYF(cCYA "afl-as" VERSION cRST " by Michal Zalewski\n");
} else {
be_quiet = 1;
}
if (argc < 2 || (argc == 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "-h") == 0)) {
fprintf(
stdout,
"afl-as" VERSION
" by Michal Zalewski\n"
"\n%s [-h]\n\n"
"This is a helper application for afl-fuzz. It is a wrapper around GNU "
"'as',\n"
"executed by the toolchain whenever using afl-gcc or afl-clang. You "
"probably\n"
"don't want to run this program directly.\n\n"
"Rarely, when dealing with extremely complex projects, it may be "
"advisable\n"
"to set AFL_INST_RATIO to a value less than 100 in order to reduce "
"the\n"
"odds of instrumenting every discovered branch.\n\n"
"Environment variables used:\n"
"AFL_AS: path to assembler to use for instrumented files\n"
"AFL_CC: fall back path to assembler\n"
"AFL_CXX: fall back path to assembler\n"
"TMPDIR: directory to use for temporary files\n"
"TEMP: fall back path to directory for temporary files\n"
"TMP: fall back path to directory for temporary files\n"
"AFL_INST_RATIO: user specified instrumentation ratio\n"
"AFL_QUIET: suppress verbose output\n"
"AFL_KEEP_ASSEMBLY: leave instrumented assembly files\n"
"AFL_AS_FORCE_INSTRUMENT: force instrumentation for asm sources\n"
"AFL_HARDEN, AFL_USE_ASAN, AFL_USE_MSAN, AFL_USE_UBSAN, AFL_USE_LSAN:\n"
" used in the instrumentation summary message\n",
argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
gettimeofday(&tv, &tz);
rand_seed = tv.tv_sec ^ tv.tv_usec ^ getpid();
// in fast systems where pids can repeat in the same seconds we need this
for (i = 1; (s32)i < argc; i++)
for (j = 0; j < strlen(argv[i]); j++)
rand_seed += argv[i][j];
srandom(rand_seed);
edit_params(argc, argv);
if (inst_ratio_str) {
if (sscanf(inst_ratio_str, "%u", &inst_ratio) != 1 || inst_ratio > 100) {
FATAL("Bad value of AFL_INST_RATIO (must be between 0 and 100)");
}
}
if (getenv(AS_LOOP_ENV_VAR)) {
FATAL("Endless loop when calling 'as' (remove '.' from your PATH)");
}
setenv(AS_LOOP_ENV_VAR, "1", 1);
/* When compiling with ASAN, we don't have a particularly elegant way to skip
ASAN-specific branches. But we can probabilistically compensate for
that... */
if (getenv("AFL_USE_ASAN") || getenv("AFL_USE_MSAN")) {
sanitizer = 1;
if (!getenv("AFL_INST_RATIO")) { inst_ratio /= 3; }
}
if (!just_version) { add_instrumentation(); }
if (!(pid = fork())) {
execvp(as_params[0], (char **)as_params);
FATAL("Oops, failed to execute '%s' - check your PATH", as_params[0]);
}
if (pid < 0) { PFATAL("fork() failed"); }
if (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) <= 0) { PFATAL("waitpid() failed"); }
if (!getenv("AFL_KEEP_ASSEMBLY")) { unlink(modified_file); }
exit(WEXITSTATUS(status));
}

3698
src/AFLplusplus-stable/src/afl-cc.c
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