diff --git a/sledge/src/llair/term.ml b/sledge/src/llair/term.ml
index ff487b7ec..a5198f877 100644
--- a/sledge/src/llair/term.ml
+++ b/sledge/src/llair/term.ml
@@ -347,6 +347,7 @@ module Var = struct
   let id = function Var v -> v.id | x -> violates invariant x
   let name = function Var v -> v.name | x -> violates invariant x
   let global = function Var v -> v.id = -1 | x -> violates invariant x
+  let of_ = function Var _ as v -> v | _ -> invalid_arg "Var.of_"
 
   let of_term = function
     | Var _ as v -> Some (v |> check invariant)
diff --git a/sledge/src/llair/term.mli b/sledge/src/llair/term.mli
index 01995622f..8cc7672ab 100644
--- a/sledge/src/llair/term.mli
+++ b/sledge/src/llair/term.mli
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@
 
 (** Terms
 
-    Pure (heap-independent) terms are complex arithmetic, bitwise-logical,
-    etc. operations over literal values and variables. *)
-
-type comparator_witness
+    Pure (heap-independent) terms are arithmetic, bitwise-logical, etc.
+    operations over literal values and variables. *)
 
 type op1 =
   | Signed of {bits: int}
@@ -62,6 +60,8 @@ type opN =
 type recN = Record  (** Recursive record (array / struct) constant *)
 [@@deriving compare, equal, hash, sexp]
 
+type comparator_witness
+
 type qset = (t, comparator_witness) Qset.t
 
 and t = private
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ module Var : sig
 
   include Invariant.S with type t := t
 
+  val of_ : term -> t
   val of_term : term -> t option
   val program : ?global:unit -> string -> t
   val fresh : string -> wrt:Set.t -> t * Set.t
@@ -214,9 +215,15 @@ val ashr : t -> t -> t
 (* if-then-else *)
 val conditional : cnd:t -> thn:t -> els:t -> t
 
-(* memory contents *)
+(* aggregate sizes *)
+val agg_size_exn : t -> t
+val agg_size : t -> t option
+
+(* aggregates (memory contents) *)
 val splat : t -> t
+val memory : siz:t -> arr:t -> t
 val extract : agg:t -> off:t -> len:t -> t
+val concat : t array -> t
 val eq_concat : t * t -> (t * t) array -> t
 
 (* records (struct / array values) *)
diff --git a/sledge/src/symbheap/equality.ml b/sledge/src/symbheap/equality.ml
index e3d967c0e..6483a5c38 100644
--- a/sledge/src/symbheap/equality.ml
+++ b/sledge/src/symbheap/equality.ml
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ type kind = Interpreted | Simplified | Atomic | Uninterpreted
 let classify e =
   match (e : Term.t) with
   | Add _ | Mul _ -> Interpreted
-  | Ap2 ((Eq | Dq), _, _) | Ap2 (Memory, _, _) | ApN (Concat, _) ->
-      Simplified
+  | Ap2 (Memory, _, _) | Ap3 (Extract, _, _, _) | ApN (Concat, _) ->
+      Interpreted
+  | Ap2 ((Eq | Dq), _, _) -> Simplified
   | Ap1 _ | Ap2 _ | Ap3 _ | ApN _ -> Uninterpreted
   | RecN _ | Var _ | Integer _ | Float _ | Nondet _ | Label _ -> Atomic
 
@@ -131,65 +132,143 @@ end
 
 (** Theory Solver *)
 
-let rec is_constant e =
-  match (e : Term.t) with
-  | Var _ | Nondet _ -> false
-  | Ap1 (_, x) -> is_constant x
-  | Ap2 (_, x, y) -> is_constant x && is_constant y
-  | Ap3 (_, x, y, z) -> is_constant x && is_constant y && is_constant z
-  | ApN (_, xs) | RecN (_, xs) -> Vector.for_all ~f:is_constant xs
-  | Add args | Mul args ->
-      Qset.for_all ~f:(fun arg _ -> is_constant arg) args
-  | Label _ | Float _ | Integer _ -> true
-
+(* orient equations s.t. Var < Memory < Extract < Concat < others, then
+   using height of aggregate nesting, and then using Term.compare *)
 let orient e f =
-  match (is_constant e, is_constant f) with
-  (* orient equation to discretionarily prefer term that is constant or
-     compares smaller as class representative *)
-  | true, false -> (f, e)
-  | false, true -> (e, f)
-  | _ -> if Term.compare e f > 0 then (e, f) else (f, e)
-
-let rec solve_ e f s =
-  let extend ~trm ~rep (us, xs, s) =
-    Some (us, xs, Subst.compose1 ~key:trm ~data:rep s)
-  in
-  let fresh name (us, xs, s) =
-    let x, us = Var.fresh name ~wrt:us in
-    let xs = Set.add xs x in
-    (Term.var x, (us, xs, s))
-  in
-  let solve_uninterp e f s =
-    match ((e : Term.t), (f : Term.t)) with
-    | Integer {data= m}, Integer {data= n} when not (Z.equal m n) -> None
-    | _ ->
-        let trm, rep = orient e f in
-        extend ~trm ~rep s
+  let compare e f =
+    let rank e =
+      match (e : Term.t) with
+      | Var _ -> 0
+      | Ap2 (Memory, _, _) -> 1
+      | Ap3 (Extract, _, _, _) -> 2
+      | ApN (Concat, _) -> 3
+      | _ -> 4
+    in
+    let rec height e =
+      match (e : Term.t) with
+      | Ap2 (Memory, _, x) -> 1 + height x
+      | Ap3 (Extract, x, _, _) -> 1 + height x
+      | ApN (Concat, xs) ->
+          1 + Vector.fold ~init:0 ~f:(fun h x -> max h (height x)) xs
+      | _ -> 0
+    in
+    let o = compare (rank e) (rank f) in
+    if o <> 0 then o
+    else
+      let o = compare (height e) (height f) in
+      if o <> 0 then o else Term.compare e f
   in
-  let concat_size args =
-    Vector.fold_until args ~init:Term.zero
-      ~f:(fun sum m ->
-        match (m : Term.t) with
-        | Ap2 (Memory, siz, _) -> Continue (Term.add siz sum)
-        | _ -> Stop None )
-      ~finish:(fun _ -> None)
+  match Ordering.of_int (compare e f) with
+  | Less -> Some (e, f)
+  | Equal -> None
+  | Greater -> Some (f, e)
+
+let norm (_, _, s) e = Subst.norm s e
+
+let extend ~var ~rep (us, xs, s) =
+  Some (us, xs, Subst.compose1 ~key:var ~data:rep s)
+
+let fresh name (us, xs, s) =
+  let x, us = Var.fresh name ~wrt:us in
+  let xs = Set.add xs x in
+  (Term.var x, (us, xs, s))
+
+let solve_poly p q s =
+  match Term.sub p q with
+  | Integer {data} -> if Z.equal Z.zero data then Some s else None
+  | Var _ as var -> extend ~var ~rep:Term.zero s
+  | p_q -> (
+    match Term.solve_zero_eq p_q with
+    | Some (var, rep) -> extend ~var ~rep s
+    | None -> extend ~var:p_q ~rep:Term.zero s )
+
+(* α[o,l) = β ==> l = |β| ∧ α = (⟨n,c⟩[0,o) ^ β ^ ⟨n,c⟩[o+l,n-o-l)) where n
+   = |α| and c fresh *)
+let rec solve_extract a o l b s =
+  let n = Term.agg_size_exn a in
+  let c, s = fresh "c" s in
+  let n_c = Term.memory ~siz:n ~arr:c in
+  let o_l = Term.add o l in
+  let n_o_l = Term.sub n o_l in
+  let c0 = Term.extract ~agg:n_c ~off:Term.zero ~len:o in
+  let c1 = Term.extract ~agg:n_c ~off:o_l ~len:n_o_l in
+  let b, s =
+    match Term.agg_size b with
+    | None -> (Term.memory ~siz:l ~arr:b, Some s)
+    | Some m -> (b, solve_ l m s)
   in
-  match ((e : Term.t), (f : Term.t)) with
-  | (Add _ | Mul _ | Integer _), _ | _, (Add _ | Mul _ | Integer _) -> (
-      let e_f = Term.sub e f in
-      match Term.solve_zero_eq e_f with
-      | Some (trm, rep) -> extend ~trm ~rep s
-      | None -> s |> solve_uninterp e_f Term.zero )
-  | ApN (Concat, ms), ApN (Concat, ns) -> (
-    match (concat_size ms, concat_size ns) with
-    | Some p, Some q -> s |> solve_uninterp e f >>= solve_ p q
-    | _ -> s |> solve_uninterp e f )
-  | Ap2 (Memory, m, _), ApN (Concat, ns)
-   |ApN (Concat, ns), Ap2 (Memory, m, _) -> (
-    match concat_size ns with
-    | Some p -> s |> solve_uninterp e f >>= solve_ p m
-    | _ -> s |> solve_uninterp e f )
-  | _ -> s |> solve_uninterp e f
+  s >>= solve_ a (Term.concat [|c0; b; c1|])
+
+(* α₀^…^αᵢ^αⱼ^…^αᵥ = β ==> |α₀^…^αᵥ| = |β| ∧ … ∧ αⱼ = β[n₀+…+nᵢ,nⱼ) ∧ …
+   where nₓ ≡ |αₓ| and m = |β| *)
+and solve_concat a0V b m s =
+  Vector.fold_until a0V ~init:(s, Term.zero)
+    ~f:(fun (s, oI) aJ ->
+      let nJ = Term.agg_size_exn aJ in
+      let oJ = Term.add oI nJ in
+      match solve_ aJ (Term.extract ~agg:b ~off:oI ~len:nJ) s with
+      | Some s -> Continue (s, oJ)
+      | None -> Stop None )
+    ~finish:(fun (s, n0V) -> solve_ n0V m s)
+
+and solve_ e f s =
+  [%Trace.call fun {pf} ->
+    pf "%a@[%a@ %a@ %a@]" Var.Set.pp_xs (snd3 s) Term.pp e Term.pp f
+      Subst.pp (trd3 s)]
+  ;
+  ( match orient (norm s e) (norm s f) with
+  (* e' = f' ==> true when e' ≡ f' *)
+  | None -> Some s
+  (* i = j ==> false when i ≠ j *)
+  | Some (Integer _, Integer _) -> None
+  (* ⟨0,a⟩ = β ==> a = β = ⟨⟩ *)
+  | Some (Ap2 (Memory, n, a), b) when Term.equal n Term.zero ->
+      s |> solve_ a (Term.concat [||]) >>= solve_ b (Term.concat [||])
+  | Some (b, Ap2 (Memory, n, a)) when Term.equal n Term.zero ->
+      s |> solve_ a (Term.concat [||]) >>= solve_ b (Term.concat [||])
+  (* v = ⟨n,a⟩ ==> v = a *)
+  | Some ((Var _ as v), Ap2 (Memory, _, a)) -> s |> solve_ v a
+  (* ⟨n,a⟩ = ⟨m,b⟩ ==> n = m ∧ a = β *)
+  | Some (Ap2 (Memory, n, a), Ap2 (Memory, m, b)) ->
+      s |> solve_ n m >>= solve_ a b
+  (* ⟨n,a⟩ = β ==> n = |β| ∧ a = β *)
+  | Some (Ap2 (Memory, n, a), b) ->
+      (match Term.agg_size b with None -> Some s | Some m -> solve_ n m s)
+      >>= solve_ a b
+  | Some ((Var _ as v), (Ap3 (Extract, _, _, l) as e)) ->
+      if not (Set.mem (Term.fv e) (Var.of_ v)) then
+        (* v = α[o,l) ==> v ↦ α[o,l) when v ∉ fv(α[o,l)) *)
+        extend ~var:v ~rep:e s
+      else
+        (* v = α[o,l) ==> α[o,l) ↦ ⟨l,v⟩ when v ∈ fv(α[o,l)) *)
+        extend ~var:e ~rep:(Term.memory ~siz:l ~arr:v) s
+  | Some ((Var _ as v), (ApN (Concat, a0V) as c)) ->
+      if not (Set.mem (Term.fv c) (Var.of_ v)) then
+        (* v = α₀^…^αᵥ ==> v ↦ α₀^…^αᵥ when v ∉ fv(α₀^…^αᵥ) *)
+        extend ~var:v ~rep:c s
+      else
+        (* v = α₀^…^αᵥ ==> ⟨|α₀^…^αᵥ|,v⟩ = α₀^…^αᵥ when v ∈ fv(α₀^…^αᵥ) *)
+        let m = Term.agg_size_exn c in
+        solve_concat a0V (Term.memory ~siz:m ~arr:v) m s
+  | Some ((Ap3 (Extract, _, _, l) as e), ApN (Concat, a0V)) ->
+      solve_concat a0V e l s
+  | Some (ApN (Concat, a0V), (ApN (Concat, _) as c)) ->
+      solve_concat a0V c (Term.agg_size_exn c) s
+  | Some (Ap3 (Extract, a, o, l), e) -> solve_extract a o l e s
+  (* p = q ==> p-q = 0 *)
+  | Some
+      ( ((Add _ | Mul _ | Integer _) as p), q
+      | q, ((Add _ | Mul _ | Integer _) as p) ) ->
+      solve_poly p q s
+  | Some (rep, var) ->
+      assert (Poly.(classify var <> Interpreted)) ;
+      assert (Poly.(classify rep <> Interpreted)) ;
+      extend ~var ~rep s )
+  |>
+  [%Trace.retn fun {pf} ->
+    function
+    | Some (_, xs, s) -> pf "%a%a" Var.Set.pp_xs xs Subst.pp s
+    | None -> pf "false"]
 
 let solve ~us ~xs e f =
   [%Trace.call fun {pf} -> pf "%a@ %a" Term.pp e Term.pp f]
@@ -318,8 +397,8 @@ let rec canon r a =
 (** add a term to the carrier *)
 let rec extend a r =
   match classify a with
-  | Interpreted -> Term.fold ~f:extend a ~init:r
-  | Simplified | Uninterpreted -> (
+  | Interpreted | Simplified -> Term.fold ~f:extend a ~init:r
+  | Uninterpreted -> (
     match Subst.extend a r.rep with
     | Some rep -> Term.fold ~f:extend a ~init:{r with rep}
     | None -> r )
@@ -672,7 +751,10 @@ let solve_for_vars vss r =
   [%Trace.retn fun {pf} subst ->
     pf "%a" Subst.pp subst ;
     Subst.iteri subst ~f:(fun ~key ~data ->
-        assert (entails_eq r key data) ;
+        assert (
+          entails_eq r key data
+          || fail "@[%a = %a not entailed by@ %a@]" Term.pp key Term.pp data
+               pp_classes r () ) ;
         assert (
           List.exists vss ~f:(fun vs ->
               match
diff --git a/sledge/src/symbheap/equality_test.ml b/sledge/src/symbheap/equality_test.ml
index e2763232f..046a1357a 100644
--- a/sledge/src/symbheap/equality_test.ml
+++ b/sledge/src/symbheap/equality_test.ml
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ let%test_module _ =
 
     let () = Trace.init ~margin:68 ~config:Trace.none ()
 
-    (* let () = Trace.init ~margin:160 ~config:all () *)
+    (* let () =
+     *   Trace.init ~margin:160
+     *     ~config:(Result.ok_exn (Trace.parse "+Equality"))
+     *     () *)
+
     let printf pp = Format.printf "@\n%a@." pp
     let pp = printf pp
     let pp_classes = Format.printf "@\n@[<hv>  %a@]@." pp_classes
@@ -329,9 +333,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
     let r14 = of_eqs [(a, a); (x, !1)]
 
     let%expect_test _ =
-      pp r14 ;
-      [%expect
-        {| {sat= true; rep= [[%x_5 ↦ 1]; [(%x_5 ≠ 0) ↦ -1]]} |}]
+      pp r14 ; [%expect {| {sat= true; rep= [[%x_5 ↦ 1]]} |}]
 
     let%test _ = entails_eq r14 a Term.true_
 
@@ -342,7 +344,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
       pp r14 ;
       [%expect
         {|
-          {sat= true; rep= [[%x_5 ↦ 1]; [(%x_5 ≠ 0) ↦ -1]; [(%y_6 ≠ 0) ↦ -1]]} |}]
+          {sat= true; rep= [[%x_5 ↦ 1]; [(%y_6 ≠ 0) ↦ -1]]} |}]
 
     let%test _ = entails_eq r14 a Term.true_
     let%test _ = entails_eq r14 b Term.true_
@@ -351,9 +353,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
     let r15 = of_eqs [(b, b); (x, !1)]
 
     let%expect_test _ =
-      pp r15 ;
-      [%expect
-        {| {sat= true; rep= [[%x_5 ↦ 1]; [(%x_5 ≠ 0) ↦ -1]]} |}]
+      pp r15 ; [%expect {| {sat= true; rep= [[%x_5 ↦ 1]]} |}]
 
     let%test _ = entails_eq r15 b (Term.signed 1 !1)
     let%test _ = entails_eq r15 (Term.unsigned 1 b) !1
diff --git a/sledge/src/symbheap/sh.ml b/sledge/src/symbheap/sh.ml
index e70499e94..092ea4562 100644
--- a/sledge/src/symbheap/sh.ml
+++ b/sledge/src/symbheap/sh.ml
@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ let var_strength q =
   in
   var_strength_ Var.Set.empty Var.Map.empty q
 
-let pp_memory x fs (siz, arr) =
-  let term_pp = Term.ppx x in
-  Format.fprintf fs "@<1>⟨%a,%a@<1>⟩" term_pp siz term_pp arr
+let pp_memory x fs (siz, arr) = Term.ppx x fs (Term.memory ~siz ~arr)
 
 let pp_seg x fs {loc; bas; len; siz; arr} =
   let term_pp = Term.ppx x in
diff --git a/sledge/src/symbheap/solver_test.ml b/sledge/src/symbheap/solver_test.ml
index 42e717535..a76322293 100644
--- a/sledge/src/symbheap/solver_test.ml
+++ b/sledge/src/symbheap/solver_test.ml
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
         {|
         ( infer_frame:
             %l_6 -[)-> ⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩ \- ∃ %a_3 .   %l_6 -[)-> ⟨16,%a_3⟩
-        ) infer_frame:   %a_2 = _ ∧ ⟨16,%a_3⟩ = (⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩) ∧ emp |}]
+        ) infer_frame:   %a_2 = _ ∧ (⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩) = %a_3 ∧ emp |}]
 
     let%expect_test _ =
       check_frame
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
           \- ∃ %a_3, %m_8 .
               %l_6 -[ %l_6, %m_8 )-> ⟨16,%a_3⟩
         ) infer_frame:
-            %a_2 = _ ∧ ⟨16,%a_3⟩ = (⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩) ∧ 16 = %m_8 ∧ emp |}]
+            %a_2 = _ ∧ (⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩) = %a_3 ∧ 16 = %m_8 ∧ emp |}]
 
     let%expect_test _ =
       check_frame
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
           \- ∃ %a_3, %m_8 .
               %l_6 -[ %l_6, %m_8 )-> ⟨%m_8,%a_3⟩
         ) infer_frame:
-            %a_2 = _ ∧ ⟨16,%a_3⟩ = (⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩) ∧ 16 = %m_8 ∧ emp |}]
+            %a_2 = _ ∧ (⟨8,%a_1⟩^⟨8,%a_2⟩) = %a_3 ∧ 16 = %m_8 ∧ emp |}]
 
     let%expect_test _ =
       check_frame
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ let%test_module _ =
         ) infer_frame:
           ∃ %a0_10, %a1_11 .
             %a_2 = %a0_10
-          ∧ ⟨32,%a_1⟩ = (⟨16,%a_2⟩^⟨16,%a1_11⟩)
+          ∧ (⟨16,%a_2⟩^⟨16,%a1_11⟩) = %a_1
           ∧ 16 = %m_8 = %n_9
           ∧ (%k_5 + 16) -[ %k_5, 16 )-> ⟨16,%a1_11⟩ |}]
 
@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ let%test_module _ =
                ∧ 16 = %m_8
                ∧ (%l_6 + 16) -[ %l_6, 16 )-> ⟨0,%a_3⟩)
             ∨ (  %a_3 = _
-               ∧ ⟨16,%a_1⟩ = (⟨8,%a_2⟩^⟨8,%a_3⟩)
+               ∧ (⟨8,%a_2⟩^⟨8,%a_3⟩) = %a_1
                ∧ 1 = %n_9
                ∧ 16 = %m_8
                ∧ emp)
             ∨ (  %a_3 = _
-               ∧ ⟨16,%a_1⟩ = (⟨0,%a_2⟩^⟨16,%a_3⟩)
+               ∧ (⟨0,%a_2⟩^⟨16,%a_3⟩) = %a_1
                ∧ 0 = %n_9
                ∧ 16 = %m_8
                ∧ emp)