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@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ D$\frac{1}{6}$
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分别对分子和分母进行泰勒展开:
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分子:
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$$
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e^{x^2} \cos x = \left(1 + x^2 + \frac{x^4}{2} + o(x^4)\right) \left(1 - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^4}{24} + o(x^4)\right) = 1 + \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24}\right)x^4 + o(x^4) = 1 + \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \frac{1}{24}x^4 + o(x^4)
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$$
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$$\begin{aligned}
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e^{x^2} \cos x &= \left(1 + x^2 + \frac{x^4}{2} + o(x^4)\right) \left(1 - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^4}{24} + o(x^4)\right) \\&= 1 + \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \left(-\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24}\right)x^4 + o(x^4) \\&= 1 + \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \frac{1}{24}x^4 + o(x^4)
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\end{aligned}$$
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所以 $e^{x^2} \cos x - 1 - \frac{1}{2}x^2 = \frac{1}{24}x^4 + o(x^4)$
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分母:
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@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ $$
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$$
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3.已知函数 $f(x) = 2e^x \sin x - 2ax - bx^2$ 与 $g(x) = \int \arctan(x^2) dx$(取满足 $g(0) = 0$ 的那个原函数)是 $x \to 0$ 过程的同阶无穷小量,则( )。
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3.已知函数 $f(x) = 2e^x \sin x - 2ax - bx^2$ 与 $g(x) = \int \arctan(x^2) \mathrm{d}x$(取满足 $g(0) = 0$ 的那个原函数)是 $x \to 0$ 过程的同阶无穷小量,则( )。
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(A) $a = 1, \, b = 1$
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(B) $a = 1, \, b = 2$
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@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ $$
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$$
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e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + O(x^4), \quad \sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + O(x^5),
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$$
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则
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则(把大于等于$5$次的项全都放在高阶无穷小里边)
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$$
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e^x \sin x = \left(1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{6} + O(x^4)\right)\left(x - \frac{x^3}{6} + O(x^5)\right) = x + x^2 + \frac{x^3}{3} + O(x^5).
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$$
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@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ $$
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$$
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积分得
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$$
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g(x) = \int_0^x \arctan(t^2) dt = \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^7}{21} + O(x^{11}) = \frac{1}{3}x^3 + O(x^7).
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g(x) = \int_0^x \arctan(t^2) \mathrm{d}t = \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^7}{21} + O(x^{11}) = \frac{1}{3}x^3 + O(x^7).
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$$
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可见 $g(x)$ 是 $x \to 0$ 时的三阶无穷小,其主项为 $\dfrac{1}{3}x^3$。
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@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ $$y^{(n)}(0) = \begin{cases} 0, & n\text{为偶数} \\ (-1)^n (n-1)!, & n\text{
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**方法2**
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因为 $y' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n x^{2n}, (|x| < 1)$,
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所以
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所以 (积分得)
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$$y = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1} x^{2n+1}, (|x| < 1).$$
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又知 $y(x)$ 在点 $x = 0$ 处的麦克劳林展开式为
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$$y(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{y^{(n)}(0)}{n!} x^n.$$
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@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ $$y^{(n)}(0) = \begin{cases} 0, & n\text{为偶数} \\ (-1)^n (n-1)!, & n\text{
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$$y' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2} = \frac{1}{1 + \tan^2 y} = \cos^2 y.$$
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利用复合函数求导法则:
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$$y'' = -2 \cos y \sin y \cdot y' = -\sin(2y) \cos^2 y = \cos^2 y \sin 2\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right),$$
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$$y''' = \left[ -2 \cos y \sin y \sin 2\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) + 2 \cos^2 y \cos 2\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) \right] y' = 2 \cos^3 y \cos\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) y' + 2 \cos^3 y \sin 3\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right),$$
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$$\begin{aligned}y''' &= \left[ -2 \cos y \sin y \sin 2\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) + 2 \cos^2 y \cos 2\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) \right] y'\\& = 2 \cos^3 y \cos\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) y' + 2 \cos^3 y \sin 3\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right),\end{aligned}$$
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$$y^{(4)} = 6 \cos^4 y \cos\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right) y' + 3 \cos^4 y \sin 4\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right).$$
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由此归纳出
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$$y^{(n)} = (n-1)! \cos^n y \sin n\left( y + \frac{\pi}{2} \right).$$
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@ -166,13 +166,13 @@ $$y^{(n)}(0) = (n-1)! \sin \frac{n\pi}{2}.$$
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2.已知 $f(x)$ 是三次多项式,且有 $\lim_{x \to 2a} \frac{f(x)}{x-2a} = \lim_{x \to 4a} \frac{f(x)}{x-4a} = 1$,求 $\lim_{x \to 3a} \frac{f(x)}{x-3a}$
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2.已知 $f(x)$ 是三次多项式,且有 $\lim\limits_{x \to 2a} \frac{f(x)}{x-2a} = \lim\limits_{x \to 4a} \frac{f(x)}{x-4a} = 1$,求 $\lim\limits_{x \to 3a} \frac{f(x)}{x-3a}.$
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**分析**
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由已知的两个极限式可确定 $f(x)$ 的两个一次因子以及两个待定系数,从而完全确定 $f(x)$。
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**解**
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由已知有 $\lim_{x \to 2a} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 4a} f(x) = 0$。
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由已知有 $\lim\limits_{x \to 2a} f(x) = \lim\limits_{x \to 4a} f(x) = 0$。
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由于 $f(x)$ 处处连续,故 $f(2a) = f(4a) = 0$。
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因此 $f(x)$ 含有因式 $(x-2a)(x-4a)$,可设
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$$f(x) = (Ax + B)(x - 2a)(x - 4a).$$
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@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ $$\begin{cases} (2aA + B)(-2a) = 1 \\ (4aA + B)(2a) = 1 \end{cases} \Rightarrow
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于是
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$$f(x) = \left( \frac{1}{2a^2}x - \frac{3}{2a} \right)(x - 2a)(x - 4a) = \frac{1}{2a^2}(x - 3a)(x - 2a)(x - 4a).$$
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最后,
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$$\lim_{x \to 3a} \frac{f(x)}{x-3a} = \lim_{x \to 3a} \frac{\frac{1}{2a^2}(x-3a)(x-2a)(x-4a)}{x-3a} = \frac{1}{2a^2} \cdot (3a-2a)(3a-4a) = \frac{1}{2a^2} \cdot a \cdot (-a) = -\frac{1}{2}.$$
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$$\begin{aligned}\lim_{x \to 3a} \frac{f(x)}{x-3a} &= \lim_{x \to 3a} \frac{\frac{1}{2a^2}(x-3a)(x-2a)(x-4a)}{x-3a} \\&= \frac{1}{2a^2} \cdot (3a-2a)(3a-4a) \\&= \frac{1}{2a^2} \cdot a \cdot (-a) \\&= -\frac{1}{2}.\end{aligned}$$
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**答案**:$\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 3a} \frac{f(x)}{x-3a} = -\frac{1}{2}$.
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@ -273,16 +273,16 @@ $$
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## 三、解答题(共11小题,共80分)
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1.求下列不定积分(提示,换元),其中 $a > 0$
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(1) $\displaystyle \int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} dx$
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(1) $\displaystyle \int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} \mathrm{d}x$
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**解:**
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令 $x = a \sin t$,则:
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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\int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} dx &= \int \frac{a^2 \sin^2 t}{a \cos t} \cdot a \cos t \, dt \\
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&= a^2 \int \sin^2 t \, dt \\
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&= \frac{a^2}{2} \int (1 - \cos 2t) \, dt \\
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\int \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} \mathrm{d}x &= \int \frac{a^2 \sin^2 t}{a \cos t} \cdot a \cos t \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= a^2 \int \sin^2 t \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \frac{a^2}{2} \int (1 - \cos 2t) \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \frac{a^2}{2} \left( t - \frac{1}{2} \sin 2t \right) + C \\
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&= \frac{a^2}{2} \arcsin \frac{x}{a} - \frac{x}{2} \sqrt{a^2 - x^2} + C
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\end{aligned}
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@ -290,18 +290,18 @@ $$
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---
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(2) $\displaystyle \int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x^2} dx$
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(2) $\displaystyle \int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x^2} \mathrm{d}x$
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**解:**
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**方法一:** 令 $x = a \tan t$,则:
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x^2} dx &= \int \frac{a \sec t}{a^2 \tan^2 t} \cdot a \sec^2 t \, dt \\
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&= \int \frac{\sec^3 t}{\tan^2 t} \, dt \\
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&= \int \frac{1}{\sin^2 t \cos t} \, dt \\
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&= \int \frac{\sin^2 t + \cos^2 t}{\sin^2 t \cos t} \, dt \\
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&= \int \sec t \, dt + \int \frac{\cos t}{\sin^2 t} \, dt \\
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\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x^2} \mathrm{d}x &= \int \frac{a \sec t}{a^2 \tan^2 t} \cdot a \sec^2 t \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \int \frac{\sec^3 t}{\tan^2 t} \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \int \frac{1}{\sin^2 t \cos t} \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \int \frac{\sin^2 t + \cos^2 t}{\sin^2 t \cos t} \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \int \sec t \, \mathrm{d}t + \int \frac{\cos t}{\sin^2 t} \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \ln |\sec t + \tan t| - \frac{1}{\sin t} + C \\
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&= \ln (x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}) - \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x} + C
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\end{aligned}
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@ -311,24 +311,24 @@ $$
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x^2} dx &= \int \frac{x^2 + a^2}{x^2 \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} dx \\
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&= \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} dx + a^2 \int \frac{1}{x^2 \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} dx \\
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\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x^2} \mathrm{d}x &= \int \frac{x^2 + a^2}{x^2 \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} \mathrm{d}x \\
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&= \int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} \mathrm{d}x + a^2 \int \frac{1}{x^2 \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}} \mathrm{d}x \\
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&= \ln (x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}) - \frac{\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}}{x} + C
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\end{aligned}
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$$
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---
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(3) $\displaystyle \int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}}{x} dx$
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(3) $\displaystyle \int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}}{x} \mathrm{d}x$
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**解:**
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令 $x = a \sec t$,则:
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}}{x} dx &= \int \frac{a \tan t}{a \sec t} \cdot a \sec t \tan t \, dt \\
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&= a \int \tan^2 t \, dt \\
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&= a \int (\sec^2 t - 1) \, dt \\
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\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}}{x} \mathrm{d}x &= \int \frac{a \tan t}{a \sec t} \cdot a \sec t \tan t \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= a \int \tan^2 t \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= a \int (\sec^2 t - 1) \, \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= a (\tan t - t) + C \\
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&= \sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - a \arccos \frac{a}{x} + C
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\end{aligned}
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@ -336,17 +336,17 @@ $$
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---
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(4) $\displaystyle \int \sqrt{1 + e^x} dx$
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(4) $\displaystyle \int \sqrt{1 + e^x} \mathrm{d}x$
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**解:**
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令 $t = \sqrt{1 + e^x}$,则 $e^x = t^2 - 1$,$x = \ln(t^2 - 1)$,$dx = \frac{2t}{t^2 - 1} dt$:
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令 $t = \sqrt{1 + e^x}$,则 $e^x = t^2 - 1$,$x = \ln(t^2 - 1)$,$\mathrm{d}x = \frac{2t}{t^2 - 1} \mathrm{d}t$:
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$$
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\begin{aligned}
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\int \sqrt{1 + e^x} dx &= \int t \cdot \frac{2t}{t^2 - 1} dt \\
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&= \int \frac{2t^2}{t^2 - 1} dt \\
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&= 2 \int \left( 1 + \frac{1}{t^2 - 1} \right) dt \\
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&= 2 \int 1 \, dt + \int \left( \frac{1}{t-1} - \frac{1}{t+1} \right) dt \\
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\int \sqrt{1 + e^x} \mathrm{d}x &= \int t \cdot \frac{2t}{t^2 - 1} \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= \int \frac{2t^2}{t^2 - 1} \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= 2 \int \left( 1 + \frac{1}{t^2 - 1} \right) \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= 2 \int 1 \, \mathrm{d}t + \int \left( \frac{1}{t-1} - \frac{1}{t+1} \right) \mathrm{d}t \\
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&= 2t + \ln \left| \frac{t-1}{t+1} \right| + C \\
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&= 2 \sqrt{1 + e^x} + \ln \frac{\sqrt{1 + e^x} - 1}{\sqrt{1 + e^x} + 1} + C
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\end{aligned}
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@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ $$
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$$x_{n+1} = f(x_n), \quad n = 1, 2, \cdots.$$
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证明:
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(1)数列 $\{x_n\}$ 收敛(记 $\lim_{n \to \infty} x_n = a$);
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(1)数列 $\{x_n\}$ 收敛(记 $\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} x_n = a$);
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(2)方程 $f(x) = x$ 有唯一实根 $x = a$。
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**证明:**
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@ -716,13 +716,13 @@ $$
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**去括号情况的证明**
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设 $(a_1 + \cdots + a_{n_1}) + (a_{n_1+1} + \cdots + a_{n_2}) + \cdots + (a_{n_{k-1}+1} + \cdots + a_{n_k}) + \cdots$ 收敛于 $S$,且 $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$。记该级数的部分和为 $T_k$,$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n$ 的部分和为 $S_n$,则 $T_k = S_{n_k}$,$\lim_{k \to \infty} S_{n_k} = \lim_{k \to \infty} T_k = S$。
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设 $(a_1 + \cdots + a_{n_1}) + (a_{n_1+1} + \cdots + a_{n_2}) + \cdots + (a_{n_{k-1}+1} + \cdots + a_{n_k}) + \cdots$ 收敛于 $S$,且 $\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$。记该级数的部分和为 $T_k$,$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n$ 的部分和为 $S_n$,则 $T_k = S_{n_k}$,$\lim\limits_{k \to \infty} S_{n_k} = \lim\limits_{k \to \infty} T_k = S$。
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由于 $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$,对 $\forall i \in \{1, 2, \cdots, n_{k+1} - n_k - 1\}$,有
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由于 $\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0$,对 $\forall i \in \{1, 2, \cdots, n_{k+1} - n_k - 1\}$,有
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$lim_{k \to \infty} S_{n_k+i} = \lim_{k \to \infty} \left( T_k + a_{n_k+1} + \cdots + a_{n_k+i} \right) = S$
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$\lim\limits_{k \to \infty} S_{n_k+i} = \lim\limits_{k \to \infty} ( T_k + a_{n_k+1} + \cdots + a_{n_k+i} ) = S$
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所以 $\lim_{n \to \infty} S_n = S$,即 $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n$ 也收敛于 $S$。
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所以 $\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} S_n = S$,即 $\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n$ 也收敛于 $S$。
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**分析** 这是交错级数,且通项趋于0,但通项不单调,不适用莱布尼茨准则。可考虑用添加括号的方式来证明。也可采用交换相邻两项顺序的方式使通项满足单调性。
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