diff --git a/编写小组/讲义/证明题方法:单调有界定理,介值定理.md b/编写小组/讲义/证明题方法:单调有界定理,介值定理.md index a4e4ba7..5fe86eb 100644 --- a/编写小组/讲义/证明题方法:单调有界定理,介值定理.md +++ b/编写小组/讲义/证明题方法:单调有界定理,介值定理.md @@ -111,6 +111,121 @@ tags: 因此,数列 $\{x_n\}$ 的极限为:$$L = 2$$ +>[!example] 例4 +>设$a > 0,\sigma > 0,{a_1} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {a + \frac{\sigma }{a}} \right),{a_{n + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{a_n} + \frac{\sigma }{{{a_n}}}} \right),n = 1,2,...$ +> 证明:数列$\left\{ {{a_n}} \right\}$收敛,且极限为$\sqrt \sigma$. + +证:对 $\forall t > 0,t + \frac{1}{t} \ge 2$,令 $t = \frac{{{a_n}}}{{\sqrt \sigma }} > 0$,则有$${a_{n + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{a_n} + \frac{\sigma }{{{a_n}}}} \right) = \frac{{\sqrt \sigma }}{2}\left( {\frac{{{a_n}}}{{\sqrt \sigma }} + \frac{{\sqrt \sigma }}{{{a_n}}}} \right) \ge \frac{{\sqrt \sigma }}{2}*2 = \sqrt \sigma ,n = 1,2,...$$ +故$\left\{ {{a_n}} \right\}$有下界 + +又因为${a_{n + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{a_n} + \frac{\sigma }{{{a_n}}}} \right) = \frac{{{a_n}}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{\sigma }{{{a_n}^2}}} \right) \le \frac{{{a_n}}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{\sigma }{\sigma }} \right) = {a_n},n = 1,2,...$ + +所以$\left\{ {{a_n}} \right\}$单调递减. +因此,由单调有界定理知:$\left\{ {{a_n}} \right\}$存在极限,即$\left\{ {{a_n}} \right\}$收敛. + +设$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {a_n} = A$,由${a_n} > 0$ 知 $A \ge 0$ + +由${a_{n + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{a_n} + \frac{\sigma }{{{a_n}}}} \right)$ 知 $2{a_{n + 1}}{a_n} = {a_n}^2 + \sigma$. + +两边令 $n \to \infty$取极限得: $2{A^2} = {A^2} + \sigma$ + +解得$A = - \sqrt \sigma$(舍)或$A = \sqrt \sigma$. + +故$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {a_n} = \sqrt \sigma$. + + +>[!example] 例5 +>证明:数列${x_n} = 1 + \frac{1}{2} + ... + \frac{1}{n} - \ln {\kern 1pt} n{\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} (n = 1,2,...)\\$单调递减有界,从而有极限(此极限称为Euler常数,下记作$C$)。 + + +证法1️⃣: +利用不等式$$\frac{1}{{1 + n}} < \ln (1 + \frac{1}{n}) < \frac{1}{n}$$有$${x_{n + 1}} - {x_n} = \frac{1}{{1 + n}} - \ln (n + 1) + \ln {\kern 1pt} n = \frac{1}{{1 + n}} - \ln (1 + \frac{1}{n}) < 0$$ +故数列${x_n}$严格递减. + +又因为 +$$\begin{array}{l} {x_n} = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {\frac{1}{k}} - \ln \left( {\frac{n}{{n - 1}} \cdot \frac{{n - 1}}{{n - 2}} \cdot ... \cdot \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{1}} \right)\\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {\frac{1}{k}} - \sum\limits_{k = 1}^{n - 1} {\ln \left( {1 + \frac{1}{k}} \right)} \\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^{n - 1} {\left[ {\frac{1}{k} - \ln \left( {1 + \frac{1}{k}} \right)} \right]} + \frac{1}{n}\\ {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} > \frac{1}{n} > 0 \end{array}$$ + +所以数列${x_n}$有下界. + +因此,数列${x_n}$单调递减有下界,故$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {x_n}$存在. + + +证法2️⃣: +因为$$\left| {{x_n} - {x_{n + 1}}} \right| = \left| {\frac{1}{n} - \left[ {\ln {\kern 1pt} n - \ln (n - 1)} \right]} \right|$$ +对$\ln {\kern 1pt} n - \ln (n - 1)$利用Lagrange中值公式,有 +$$\ln {\kern 1pt} n - \ln (n - 1) = \frac{1}{{{\xi _n}}},其中n - 1 < {\xi _n} < n.$$ + +因此有$\left| {{x_n} - {x_{n - 1}}} \right| = \frac{{n - {\xi _n}}}{{n \cdot {\xi _n}}} < \frac{1}{{{{(n - 1)}^2}}}$ + +而$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{1}{{{{(n - 1)}^2}}}}$收敛,故$\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\left| {{x_n} - {x_{n - 1}}} \right|}$收敛,从而${x_n} = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {\left( {{x_k} - {x_{k - 1}}} \right)} + {x_1}$也收敛. + +因此,数列$\ {x_n}$收敛,即 $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {x_n}$ 存在. + + +>[!example] 例6 +>令$c>0$,定义整序变量数列为: $x_1 = \sqrt{c}, x_2 = \sqrt{c +\sqrt{c}}, x_3 = \sqrt{c+\sqrt{c+\sqrt{c}}}, \cdots$ +>求$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty }{x_n}$ + + $x_n = \underbrace{\sqrt{c+\sqrt{c+\cdots\sqrt{c}}}}_{n\ \text{个根式}}$。 + + $x_{n+1} = \sqrt{c+x_n}$。 + +使用数学归纳法证明,整序变量 $x_n$ 单调增加, 同时有上界 + +**证明 $x_n$ 单调: + +当 $n=1$ 时命题显然成立。 +假设当 $n = k$ 时命题成立,即 $x_{k+1} > x_k$。 +考虑 $n = k+1$ 的情形: +$$ +x_{k+2} = \sqrt{c + x_{k+1}},\quad x_{k+1} = \sqrt{c + x_k} +$$ +由归纳假设 $x_{k+1} > x_k$,可得: +$$ +c + x_{k+1} > c + x_k +$$ +所以: +$$ +\sqrt{c + x_{k+1}} > \sqrt{c + x_k} +$$ +即:$x_{k+2} > x_{k+1}$,故对一切正整数 $n$,都有 $x_{n+1} > x_n$,即 $\{x_n\}$ 是单调增加序列。 + +**证明 $x_n$ 有上界(例如上界为 $\sqrt{c} + 1$) + +当 $n=1$ 时命题成立。 +考虑 $n = k+1$ 的情形,由归纳假设 $x_k < \sqrt{c} + 1$,可得:: +$$ +x_{k+1} = \sqrt{c + x_k}< c + (\sqrt{c} + 1) +$$ + +为了证明 $x_{k+1} < \sqrt{c} + 1$,只需证明: +$$ +\sqrt{c + (\sqrt{c} + 1)} \le \sqrt{c} + 1 +$$ +两边平方(因为两边均为正数): +$$ +c + \sqrt{c} + 1 \le c + 2\sqrt{c} + 1 +$$ +化简得: +$$ +\sqrt{c} \le 2\sqrt{c} +$$ +由于 $c > 0$,此不等式显然成立,且等号仅在 $\sqrt{c} = 0$ 时成立,这与 $c > 0$ 矛盾,故实际上有严格不等式: +$$ +\sqrt{c + (\sqrt{c} + 1)} < \sqrt{c} + 1 +$$ +因此: +$$ +x_{k+1} < \sqrt{c} + 1 +$$ + +由数学归纳法,对一切正整数 $n$,都有 $x_n < \sqrt{c} + 1$,即 $\{x_n\}$ 有上界。 + +因此序列收敛,有极限,不妨设 $\lim x_n = a$ , 则: $a = \sqrt{a+c}$。 + +解方程得: $a = \dfrac{\sqrt{4c+1}+1}{2}$。(负根舍去) + + # 介值定理 ## 原理