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"""
Utilities for conversion to writer-agnostic Excel representation.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import (
Hashable,
Iterable,
Mapping,
Sequence,
)
import functools
import itertools
import re
from typing import (
TYPE_CHECKING,
Any,
Callable,
cast,
)
import warnings
import numpy as np
from pandas._libs.lib import is_list_like
from pandas.util._decorators import doc
from pandas.util._exceptions import find_stack_level
from pandas.core.dtypes import missing
from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
is_float,
is_scalar,
)
from pandas import (
DataFrame,
Index,
MultiIndex,
PeriodIndex,
)
import pandas.core.common as com
from pandas.core.shared_docs import _shared_docs
from pandas.io.formats._color_data import CSS4_COLORS
from pandas.io.formats.css import (
CSSResolver,
CSSWarning,
)
from pandas.io.formats.format import get_level_lengths
from pandas.io.formats.printing import pprint_thing
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from pandas._typing import (
FilePath,
IndexLabel,
StorageOptions,
WriteExcelBuffer,
)
from pandas import ExcelWriter
class ExcelCell:
__fields__ = ("row", "col", "val", "style", "mergestart", "mergeend")
__slots__ = __fields__
def __init__(
self,
row: int,
col: int,
val,
style=None,
mergestart: int | None = None,
mergeend: int | None = None,
) -> None:
self.row = row
self.col = col
self.val = val
self.style = style
self.mergestart = mergestart
self.mergeend = mergeend
class CssExcelCell(ExcelCell):
def __init__(
self,
row: int,
col: int,
val,
style: dict | None,
css_styles: dict[tuple[int, int], list[tuple[str, Any]]] | None,
css_row: int,
css_col: int,
css_converter: Callable | None,
**kwargs,
) -> None:
if css_styles and css_converter:
# Use dict to get only one (case-insensitive) declaration per property
declaration_dict = {
prop.lower(): val for prop, val in css_styles[css_row, css_col]
}
# Convert to frozenset for order-invariant caching
unique_declarations = frozenset(declaration_dict.items())
style = css_converter(unique_declarations)
super().__init__(row=row, col=col, val=val, style=style, **kwargs)
class CSSToExcelConverter:
"""
A callable for converting CSS declarations to ExcelWriter styles
Supports parts of CSS 2.2, with minimal CSS 3.0 support (e.g. text-shadow),
focusing on font styling, backgrounds, borders and alignment.
Operates by first computing CSS styles in a fairly generic
way (see :meth:`compute_css`) then determining Excel style
properties from CSS properties (see :meth:`build_xlstyle`).
Parameters
----------
inherited : str, optional
CSS declarations understood to be the containing scope for the
CSS processed by :meth:`__call__`.
"""
NAMED_COLORS = CSS4_COLORS
VERTICAL_MAP = {
"top": "top",
"text-top": "top",
"middle": "center",
"baseline": "bottom",
"bottom": "bottom",
"text-bottom": "bottom",
# OpenXML also has 'justify', 'distributed'
}
BOLD_MAP = {
"bold": True,
"bolder": True,
"600": True,
"700": True,
"800": True,
"900": True,
"normal": False,
"lighter": False,
"100": False,
"200": False,
"300": False,
"400": False,
"500": False,
}
ITALIC_MAP = {
"normal": False,
"italic": True,
"oblique": True,
}
FAMILY_MAP = {
"serif": 1, # roman
"sans-serif": 2, # swiss
"cursive": 4, # script
"fantasy": 5, # decorative
}
BORDER_STYLE_MAP = {
style.lower(): style
for style in [
"dashed",
"mediumDashDot",
"dashDotDot",
"hair",
"dotted",
"mediumDashDotDot",
"double",
"dashDot",
"slantDashDot",
"mediumDashed",
]
}
# NB: Most of the methods here could be classmethods, as only __init__
# and __call__ make use of instance attributes. We leave them as
# instancemethods so that users can easily experiment with extensions
# without monkey-patching.
inherited: dict[str, str] | None
def __init__(self, inherited: str | None = None) -> None:
if inherited is not None:
self.inherited = self.compute_css(inherited)
else:
self.inherited = None
# We should avoid cache on the __call__ method.
# Otherwise once the method __call__ has been called
# garbage collection no longer deletes the instance.
self._call_cached = functools.cache(self._call_uncached)
compute_css = CSSResolver()
def __call__(
self, declarations: str | frozenset[tuple[str, str]]
) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
"""
Convert CSS declarations to ExcelWriter style.
Parameters
----------
declarations : str | frozenset[tuple[str, str]]
CSS string or set of CSS declaration tuples.
e.g. "font-weight: bold; background: blue" or
{("font-weight", "bold"), ("background", "blue")}
Returns
-------
xlstyle : dict
A style as interpreted by ExcelWriter when found in
ExcelCell.style.
"""
return self._call_cached(declarations)
def _call_uncached(
self, declarations: str | frozenset[tuple[str, str]]
) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
properties = self.compute_css(declarations, self.inherited)
return self.build_xlstyle(properties)
def build_xlstyle(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
out = {
"alignment": self.build_alignment(props),
"border": self.build_border(props),
"fill": self.build_fill(props),
"font": self.build_font(props),
"number_format": self.build_number_format(props),
}
# TODO: handle cell width and height: needs support in pandas.io.excel
def remove_none(d: dict[str, str | None]) -> None:
"""Remove key where value is None, through nested dicts"""
for k, v in list(d.items()):
if v is None:
del d[k]
elif isinstance(v, dict):
remove_none(v)
if not v:
del d[k]
remove_none(out)
return out
def build_alignment(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> dict[str, bool | str | None]:
# TODO: text-indent, padding-left -> alignment.indent
return {
"horizontal": props.get("text-align"),
"vertical": self._get_vertical_alignment(props),
"wrap_text": self._get_is_wrap_text(props),
}
def _get_vertical_alignment(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> str | None:
vertical_align = props.get("vertical-align")
if vertical_align:
return self.VERTICAL_MAP.get(vertical_align)
return None
def _get_is_wrap_text(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> bool | None:
if props.get("white-space") is None:
return None
return bool(props["white-space"] not in ("nowrap", "pre", "pre-line"))
def build_border(
self, props: Mapping[str, str]
) -> dict[str, dict[str, str | None]]:
return {
side: {
"style": self._border_style(
props.get(f"border-{side}-style"),
props.get(f"border-{side}-width"),
self.color_to_excel(props.get(f"border-{side}-color")),
),
"color": self.color_to_excel(props.get(f"border-{side}-color")),
}
for side in ["top", "right", "bottom", "left"]
}
def _border_style(self, style: str | None, width: str | None, color: str | None):
# convert styles and widths to openxml, one of:
# 'dashDot'
# 'dashDotDot'
# 'dashed'
# 'dotted'
# 'double'
# 'hair'
# 'medium'
# 'mediumDashDot'
# 'mediumDashDotDot'
# 'mediumDashed'
# 'slantDashDot'
# 'thick'
# 'thin'
if width is None and style is None and color is None:
# Return None will remove "border" from style dictionary
return None
if width is None and style is None:
# Return "none" will keep "border" in style dictionary
return "none"
if style in ("none", "hidden"):
return "none"
width_name = self._get_width_name(width)
if width_name is None:
return "none"
if style in (None, "groove", "ridge", "inset", "outset", "solid"):
# not handled
return width_name
if style == "double":
return "double"
if style == "dotted":
if width_name in ("hair", "thin"):
return "dotted"
return "mediumDashDotDot"
if style == "dashed":
if width_name in ("hair", "thin"):
return "dashed"
return "mediumDashed"
elif style in self.BORDER_STYLE_MAP:
# Excel-specific styles
return self.BORDER_STYLE_MAP[style]
else:
warnings.warn(
f"Unhandled border style format: {repr(style)}",
CSSWarning,
stacklevel=find_stack_level(),
)
return "none"
def _get_width_name(self, width_input: str | None) -> str | None:
width = self._width_to_float(width_input)
if width < 1e-5:
return None
elif width < 1.3:
return "thin"
elif width < 2.8:
return "medium"
return "thick"
def _width_to_float(self, width: str | None) -> float:
if width is None:
width = "2pt"
return self._pt_to_float(width)
def _pt_to_float(self, pt_string: str) -> float:
assert pt_string.endswith("pt")
return float(pt_string.rstrip("pt"))
def build_fill(self, props: Mapping[str, str]):
# TODO: perhaps allow for special properties
# -excel-pattern-bgcolor and -excel-pattern-type
fill_color = props.get("background-color")
if fill_color not in (None, "transparent", "none"):
return {"fgColor": self.color_to_excel(fill_color), "patternType": "solid"}
def build_number_format(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> dict[str, str | None]:
fc = props.get("number-format")
fc = fc.replace("§", ";") if isinstance(fc, str) else fc
return {"format_code": fc}
def build_font(
self, props: Mapping[str, str]
) -> dict[str, bool | float | str | None]:
font_names = self._get_font_names(props)
decoration = self._get_decoration(props)
return {
"name": font_names[0] if font_names else None,
"family": self._select_font_family(font_names),
"size": self._get_font_size(props),
"bold": self._get_is_bold(props),
"italic": self._get_is_italic(props),
"underline": ("single" if "underline" in decoration else None),
"strike": ("line-through" in decoration) or None,
"color": self.color_to_excel(props.get("color")),
# shadow if nonzero digit before shadow color
"shadow": self._get_shadow(props),
}
def _get_is_bold(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> bool | None:
weight = props.get("font-weight")
if weight:
return self.BOLD_MAP.get(weight)
return None
def _get_is_italic(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> bool | None:
font_style = props.get("font-style")
if font_style:
return self.ITALIC_MAP.get(font_style)
return None
def _get_decoration(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> Sequence[str]:
decoration = props.get("text-decoration")
if decoration is not None:
return decoration.split()
else:
return ()
def _get_underline(self, decoration: Sequence[str]) -> str | None:
if "underline" in decoration:
return "single"
return None
def _get_shadow(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> bool | None:
if "text-shadow" in props:
return bool(re.search("^[^#(]*[1-9]", props["text-shadow"]))
return None
def _get_font_names(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> Sequence[str]:
font_names_tmp = re.findall(
r"""(?x)
(
"(?:[^"]|\\")+"
|
'(?:[^']|\\')+'
|
[^'",]+
)(?=,|\s*$)
""",
props.get("font-family", ""),
)
font_names = []
for name in font_names_tmp:
if name[:1] == '"':
name = name[1:-1].replace('\\"', '"')
elif name[:1] == "'":
name = name[1:-1].replace("\\'", "'")
else:
name = name.strip()
if name:
font_names.append(name)
return font_names
def _get_font_size(self, props: Mapping[str, str]) -> float | None:
size = props.get("font-size")
if size is None:
return size
return self._pt_to_float(size)
def _select_font_family(self, font_names: Sequence[str]) -> int | None:
family = None
for name in font_names:
family = self.FAMILY_MAP.get(name)
if family:
break
return family
def color_to_excel(self, val: str | None) -> str | None:
if val is None:
return None
if self._is_hex_color(val):
return self._convert_hex_to_excel(val)
try:
return self.NAMED_COLORS[val]
except KeyError:
warnings.warn(
f"Unhandled color format: {repr(val)}",
CSSWarning,
stacklevel=find_stack_level(),
)
return None
def _is_hex_color(self, color_string: str) -> bool:
return bool(color_string.startswith("#"))
def _convert_hex_to_excel(self, color_string: str) -> str:
code = color_string.lstrip("#")
if self._is_shorthand_color(color_string):
return (code[0] * 2 + code[1] * 2 + code[2] * 2).upper()
else:
return code.upper()
def _is_shorthand_color(self, color_string: str) -> bool:
"""Check if color code is shorthand.
#FFF is a shorthand as opposed to full #FFFFFF.
"""
code = color_string.lstrip("#")
if len(code) == 3:
return True
elif len(code) == 6:
return False
else:
raise ValueError(f"Unexpected color {color_string}")
class ExcelFormatter:
"""
Class for formatting a DataFrame to a list of ExcelCells,
Parameters
----------
df : DataFrame or Styler
na_rep: na representation
float_format : str, default None
Format string for floating point numbers
cols : sequence, optional
Columns to write
header : bool or sequence of str, default True
Write out column names. If a list of string is given it is
assumed to be aliases for the column names
index : bool, default True
output row names (index)
index_label : str or sequence, default None
Column label for index column(s) if desired. If None is given, and
`header` and `index` are True, then the index names are used. A
sequence should be given if the DataFrame uses MultiIndex.
merge_cells : bool, default False
Format MultiIndex and Hierarchical Rows as merged cells.
inf_rep : str, default `'inf'`
representation for np.inf values (which aren't representable in Excel)
A `'-'` sign will be added in front of -inf.
style_converter : callable, optional
This translates Styler styles (CSS) into ExcelWriter styles.
Defaults to ``CSSToExcelConverter()``.
It should have signature css_declarations string -> excel style.
This is only called for body cells.
"""
max_rows = 2**20
max_cols = 2**14
def __init__(
self,
df,
na_rep: str = "",
float_format: str | None = None,
cols: Sequence[Hashable] | None = None,
header: Sequence[Hashable] | bool = True,
index: bool = True,
index_label: IndexLabel | None = None,
merge_cells: bool = False,
inf_rep: str = "inf",
style_converter: Callable | None = None,
) -> None:
self.rowcounter = 0
self.na_rep = na_rep
if not isinstance(df, DataFrame):
self.styler = df
self.styler._compute() # calculate applied styles
df = df.data
if style_converter is None:
style_converter = CSSToExcelConverter()
self.style_converter: Callable | None = style_converter
else:
self.styler = None
self.style_converter = None
self.df = df
if cols is not None:
# all missing, raise
if not len(Index(cols).intersection(df.columns)):
raise KeyError("passes columns are not ALL present dataframe")
if len(Index(cols).intersection(df.columns)) != len(set(cols)):
# Deprecated in GH#17295, enforced in 1.0.0
raise KeyError("Not all names specified in 'columns' are found")
self.df = df.reindex(columns=cols)
self.columns = self.df.columns
self.float_format = float_format
self.index = index
self.index_label = index_label
self.header = header
self.merge_cells = merge_cells
self.inf_rep = inf_rep
@property
def header_style(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, str | bool]]:
return {
"font": {"bold": True},
"borders": {
"top": "thin",
"right": "thin",
"bottom": "thin",
"left": "thin",
},
"alignment": {"horizontal": "center", "vertical": "top"},
}
def _format_value(self, val):
if is_scalar(val) and missing.isna(val):
val = self.na_rep
elif is_float(val):
if missing.isposinf_scalar(val):
val = self.inf_rep
elif missing.isneginf_scalar(val):
val = f"-{self.inf_rep}"
elif self.float_format is not None:
val = float(self.float_format % val)
if getattr(val, "tzinfo", None) is not None:
raise ValueError(
"Excel does not support datetimes with "
"timezones. Please ensure that datetimes "
"are timezone unaware before writing to Excel."
)
return val
def _format_header_mi(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
if self.columns.nlevels > 1:
if not self.index:
raise NotImplementedError(
"Writing to Excel with MultiIndex columns and no "
"index ('index'=False) is not yet implemented."
)
if not (self._has_aliases or self.header):
return
columns = self.columns
level_strs = columns._format_multi(
sparsify=self.merge_cells, include_names=False
)
level_lengths = get_level_lengths(level_strs)
coloffset = 0
lnum = 0
if self.index and isinstance(self.df.index, MultiIndex):
coloffset = len(self.df.index[0]) - 1
if self.merge_cells:
# Format multi-index as a merged cells.
for lnum, name in enumerate(columns.names):
yield ExcelCell(
row=lnum,
col=coloffset,
val=name,
style=self.header_style,
)
for lnum, (spans, levels, level_codes) in enumerate(
zip(level_lengths, columns.levels, columns.codes)
):
values = levels.take(level_codes)
for i, span_val in spans.items():
mergestart, mergeend = None, None
if span_val > 1:
mergestart, mergeend = lnum, coloffset + i + span_val
yield CssExcelCell(
row=lnum,
col=coloffset + i + 1,
val=values[i],
style=self.header_style,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx_columns", None),
css_row=lnum,
css_col=i,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
mergestart=mergestart,
mergeend=mergeend,
)
else:
# Format in legacy format with dots to indicate levels.
for i, values in enumerate(zip(*level_strs)):
v = ".".join(map(pprint_thing, values))
yield CssExcelCell(
row=lnum,
col=coloffset + i + 1,
val=v,
style=self.header_style,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx_columns", None),
css_row=lnum,
css_col=i,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
)
self.rowcounter = lnum
def _format_header_regular(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
if self._has_aliases or self.header:
coloffset = 0
if self.index:
coloffset = 1
if isinstance(self.df.index, MultiIndex):
coloffset = len(self.df.index.names)
colnames = self.columns
if self._has_aliases:
self.header = cast(Sequence, self.header)
if len(self.header) != len(self.columns):
raise ValueError(
f"Writing {len(self.columns)} cols "
f"but got {len(self.header)} aliases"
)
colnames = self.header
for colindex, colname in enumerate(colnames):
yield CssExcelCell(
row=self.rowcounter,
col=colindex + coloffset,
val=colname,
style=self.header_style,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx_columns", None),
css_row=0,
css_col=colindex,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
)
def _format_header(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
gen: Iterable[ExcelCell]
if isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex):
gen = self._format_header_mi()
else:
gen = self._format_header_regular()
gen2: Iterable[ExcelCell] = ()
if self.df.index.names:
row = [x if x is not None else "" for x in self.df.index.names] + [
""
] * len(self.columns)
if functools.reduce(lambda x, y: x and y, (x != "" for x in row)):
gen2 = (
ExcelCell(self.rowcounter, colindex, val, self.header_style)
for colindex, val in enumerate(row)
)
self.rowcounter += 1
return itertools.chain(gen, gen2)
def _format_body(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
if isinstance(self.df.index, MultiIndex):
return self._format_hierarchical_rows()
else:
return self._format_regular_rows()
def _format_regular_rows(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
if self._has_aliases or self.header:
self.rowcounter += 1
# output index and index_label?
if self.index:
# check aliases
# if list only take first as this is not a MultiIndex
if self.index_label and isinstance(
self.index_label, (list, tuple, np.ndarray, Index)
):
index_label = self.index_label[0]
# if string good to go
elif self.index_label and isinstance(self.index_label, str):
index_label = self.index_label
else:
index_label = self.df.index.names[0]
if isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex):
self.rowcounter += 1
if index_label and self.header is not False:
yield ExcelCell(self.rowcounter - 1, 0, index_label, self.header_style)
# write index_values
index_values = self.df.index
if isinstance(self.df.index, PeriodIndex):
index_values = self.df.index.to_timestamp()
for idx, idxval in enumerate(index_values):
yield CssExcelCell(
row=self.rowcounter + idx,
col=0,
val=idxval,
style=self.header_style,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx_index", None),
css_row=idx,
css_col=0,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
)
coloffset = 1
else:
coloffset = 0
yield from self._generate_body(coloffset)
def _format_hierarchical_rows(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
if self._has_aliases or self.header:
self.rowcounter += 1
gcolidx = 0
if self.index:
index_labels = self.df.index.names
# check for aliases
if self.index_label and isinstance(
self.index_label, (list, tuple, np.ndarray, Index)
):
index_labels = self.index_label
# MultiIndex columns require an extra row
# with index names (blank if None) for
# unambiguous round-trip, unless not merging,
# in which case the names all go on one row Issue #11328
if isinstance(self.columns, MultiIndex) and self.merge_cells:
self.rowcounter += 1
# if index labels are not empty go ahead and dump
if com.any_not_none(*index_labels) and self.header is not False:
for cidx, name in enumerate(index_labels):
yield ExcelCell(self.rowcounter - 1, cidx, name, self.header_style)
if self.merge_cells:
# Format hierarchical rows as merged cells.
level_strs = self.df.index._format_multi(
sparsify=True, include_names=False
)
level_lengths = get_level_lengths(level_strs)
for spans, levels, level_codes in zip(
level_lengths, self.df.index.levels, self.df.index.codes
):
values = levels.take(
level_codes,
allow_fill=levels._can_hold_na,
fill_value=levels._na_value,
)
for i, span_val in spans.items():
mergestart, mergeend = None, None
if span_val > 1:
mergestart = self.rowcounter + i + span_val - 1
mergeend = gcolidx
yield CssExcelCell(
row=self.rowcounter + i,
col=gcolidx,
val=values[i],
style=self.header_style,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx_index", None),
css_row=i,
css_col=gcolidx,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
mergestart=mergestart,
mergeend=mergeend,
)
gcolidx += 1
else:
# Format hierarchical rows with non-merged values.
for indexcolvals in zip(*self.df.index):
for idx, indexcolval in enumerate(indexcolvals):
yield CssExcelCell(
row=self.rowcounter + idx,
col=gcolidx,
val=indexcolval,
style=self.header_style,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx_index", None),
css_row=idx,
css_col=gcolidx,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
)
gcolidx += 1
yield from self._generate_body(gcolidx)
@property
def _has_aliases(self) -> bool:
"""Whether the aliases for column names are present."""
return is_list_like(self.header)
def _generate_body(self, coloffset: int) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
# Write the body of the frame data series by series.
for colidx in range(len(self.columns)):
series = self.df.iloc[:, colidx]
for i, val in enumerate(series):
yield CssExcelCell(
row=self.rowcounter + i,
col=colidx + coloffset,
val=val,
style=None,
css_styles=getattr(self.styler, "ctx", None),
css_row=i,
css_col=colidx,
css_converter=self.style_converter,
)
def get_formatted_cells(self) -> Iterable[ExcelCell]:
for cell in itertools.chain(self._format_header(), self._format_body()):
cell.val = self._format_value(cell.val)
yield cell
@doc(storage_options=_shared_docs["storage_options"])
def write(
self,
writer: FilePath | WriteExcelBuffer | ExcelWriter,
sheet_name: str = "Sheet1",
startrow: int = 0,
startcol: int = 0,
freeze_panes: tuple[int, int] | None = None,
engine: str | None = None,
storage_options: StorageOptions | None = None,
engine_kwargs: dict | None = None,
) -> None:
"""
writer : path-like, file-like, or ExcelWriter object
File path or existing ExcelWriter
sheet_name : str, default 'Sheet1'
Name of sheet which will contain DataFrame
startrow :
upper left cell row to dump data frame
startcol :
upper left cell column to dump data frame
freeze_panes : tuple of integer (length 2), default None
Specifies the one-based bottommost row and rightmost column that
is to be frozen
engine : string, default None
write engine to use if writer is a path - you can also set this
via the options ``io.excel.xlsx.writer``,
or ``io.excel.xlsm.writer``.
{storage_options}
engine_kwargs: dict, optional
Arbitrary keyword arguments passed to excel engine.
"""
from pandas.io.excel import ExcelWriter
num_rows, num_cols = self.df.shape
if num_rows > self.max_rows or num_cols > self.max_cols:
raise ValueError(
f"This sheet is too large! Your sheet size is: {num_rows}, {num_cols} "
f"Max sheet size is: {self.max_rows}, {self.max_cols}"
)
if engine_kwargs is None:
engine_kwargs = {}
formatted_cells = self.get_formatted_cells()
if isinstance(writer, ExcelWriter):
need_save = False
else:
writer = ExcelWriter(
writer,
engine=engine,
storage_options=storage_options,
engine_kwargs=engine_kwargs,
)
need_save = True
try:
writer._write_cells(
formatted_cells,
sheet_name,
startrow=startrow,
startcol=startcol,
freeze_panes=freeze_panes,
)
finally:
# make sure to close opened file handles
if need_save:
writer.close()