From 38ce87d8bc13bb70434d3503997dd21544ab6545 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: pos97em56 <10225101485@ecnu.stu.edu.cn> Date: Wed, 3 Jul 2024 20:13:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] Update basic_process.py --- basic/basic_process.py | 689 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 338 insertions(+), 351 deletions(-) diff --git a/basic/basic_process.py b/basic/basic_process.py index d0c4ed8..3c9bd3b 100644 --- a/basic/basic_process.py +++ b/basic/basic_process.py @@ -1,351 +1,338 @@ -import tkinter as tk -from tkinter import filedialog, messagebox, Toplevel -from PIL import Image, ImageTk -import numpy as np -import cv2 -import os - -# 全局变量声明 -img_path = "" # 用于存储图像路径 -src = None # 用于存储已选择的图像 -X = None # 用于存储第一张图像 -Y = None # 用于存储第二张图像 -img_label = None # 用于存储显示选择的图片的标签 -edge = None # 用于存储当前处理后的图像 - -# 用于不同功能的Toplevel窗口 -AffineWin = None -TurnWin = None -ArithWin = None - -def select_image(root): - """ - 选择图像并显示在主窗口中 - """ - global img_path, src, img_label, edge - - # 打开文件对话框选择图像文件 - img_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Image files", "*.jpg;*.png;*.jpeg;*.bmp")]) - if img_path: - # 处理图像路径以确保反斜杠正确处理，并使用UTF-8编码处理中文路径 - img_path_fixed = os.path.normpath(img_path) - - # 读取图像文件 - src_temp = cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(img_path_fixed, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED) - if src_temp is None: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "无法读取图片，请选择有效的图片路径") - return - src = cv2.cvtColor(src_temp, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) - - # 检查 img_label 是否存在且有效 - if img_label is None or not img_label.winfo_exists(): - img_label = tk.Label(root) - img_label.pack(side=tk.TOP, pady=10) - - # 显示缩略图 - img = Image.open(img_path) - img.thumbnail((160, 160)) - img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) - img_label.configure(image=img_tk) - img_label.image = img_tk - - # 更新 edge 变量为 PIL.Image 对象，以便稍后保存 - edge = Image.fromarray(src) - else: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片路径") - -def show_selected_image(root): - """ - 显示选定的图像 - """ - global img_label - img_label = tk.Label(root) - img_label.pack(side=tk.TOP, pady=10) - img = Image.open(img_path) - img.thumbnail((160, 160)) - img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) - img_label.configure(image=img_tk) - img_label.image = img_tk - -def changeSize(event, img, LabelPic): - """ - 根据窗口大小调整图像大小 - """ - img_aspect = img.shape[1] / img.shape[0] # 计算图像的宽高比 - new_aspect = event.width / event.height # 计算窗口的新宽高比 - - if new_aspect > img_aspect: - new_width = int(event.height * img_aspect) # 根据新高度计算新宽度 - new_height = event.height # 使用新高度 - else: - new_width = event.width # 使用新宽度 - new_height = int(event.width / img_aspect) # 根据新宽度计算新高度 - - resized_image = cv2.resize(img, (new_width, new_height)) # 调整图像大小 - image1 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(resized_image)) - LabelPic.image = image1 - LabelPic['image'] = image1 - -def savefile(): - """ - 保存处理后的图像文件 - """ - global edge - - # 打开保存文件对话框 - filename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".jpg", filetypes=[("JPEG files", "*.jpg"), ("PNG files", "*.png"), ("BMP files", "*.bmp")]) - if not filename: - return - if edge is not None: - try: - edge.save(filename) - messagebox.showinfo("保存成功", "图片保存成功！") - except Exception as e: - messagebox.showerror("保存失败", f"无法保存图片: {e}") - else: - messagebox.showerror("保存失败", "没有图像可保存") - -def affine_tra(root): - """ - 对图像进行仿射变换 - """ - global src, AffineWin, edge - - #判断是否已经选取图片 - if src is None: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片！") - return - - rows, cols = src.shape[:2] # 获取图像的行和列 - - # 设置图像仿射变化矩阵 - post1 = np.float32([[50, 50], [200, 50], [50, 200]]) - post2 = np.float32([[10, 100], [200, 50], [100, 250]]) - m = cv2.getAffineTransform(post1, post2) - - # 图像仿射变换 - result = cv2.warpAffine(src, m, (cols, rows)) - - # 更新 edge 变量 - edge = Image.fromarray(result) - - # 创建Toplevel窗口 - try: - if AffineWin: - AffineWin.destroy() - except Exception: - print("NVM") - finally: - AffineWin = Toplevel(root) - AffineWin.attributes('-topmost', True) - AffineWin.geometry("360x300") - AffineWin.resizable(True, True) - AffineWin.title("仿射变换结果") - - # 显示图像 - LabelPic = tk.Label(AffineWin, text="IMG", width=360, height=240) - image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(result)) - LabelPic.image = image - LabelPic['image'] = image - - LabelPic.bind('', lambda event: changeSize(event, result, LabelPic)) - LabelPic.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) - - # 添加保存按钮 - btn_save = tk.Button(AffineWin, text="保存", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), - width=20, command=savefile) - btn_save.pack(pady=10) - -def turn(root): - """ - 对图像进行翻转操作 - """ - global src, TurnWin, edge - - if src is None: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片！") - return - - # 水平镜像 - horizontal = cv2.flip(src, 1) - - # 垂直镜像 - vertical = cv2.flip(src, 0) - - # 对角镜像 - cross = cv2.flip(src, -1) - - # 将三种翻转图像组合成一个图像进行显示 - combined = np.hstack((horizontal, vertical, cross)) - - # 更新 edge 变量 - edge = Image.fromarray(combined) - - # 创建Toplevel窗口 - try: - if TurnWin: - TurnWin.destroy() - except Exception as e: - print("NVM") - finally: - TurnWin = Toplevel(root) - TurnWin.attributes('-topmost', True) - TurnWin.geometry("720x300") - TurnWin.resizable(True, True) - TurnWin.title("翻转结果") - - # 显示图像 - LabelPic = tk.Label(TurnWin, text="IMG", width=720, height=240) - image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(combined)) - LabelPic.image = image - LabelPic['image'] = image - - LabelPic.bind('', lambda event: changeSize(event, combined, LabelPic)) - LabelPic.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) - - # 添加保存按钮 - btn_save = tk.Button(TurnWin, text="保存", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=savefile) - btn_save.pack(pady=10) - -def arithmetic(root): - """ - 对图像进行算术变换操作 - """ - global src, X, Y, ArithWin, img_label_first, img_label_second, edge - - final = None # 用于存储最终的算术运算结果 - - def select_first_image(): - """ - 选择第一张图像 - """ - global X, img_label_first - ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', True) # 设置窗口为最上层 - img_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Image files", "*.jpg;*.png;*.bmp;*.jpeg")], parent=ArithWin) - ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', False) # 恢复窗口最上层属性 - if img_path: - img_path_fixed = os.path.normpath(img_path) - img_temp = cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(img_path_fixed, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED) - if img_temp is None: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "无法读取图片，请选择有效的图片路径") - return - - image = cv2.cvtColor(img_temp, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # 转换颜色空间 - img = Image.fromarray(image) - img.thumbnail((100, 100)) # 缩略图 - img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) - img_label_first.configure(image=img_tk) - img_label_first.image = img_tk - else: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片路径") - X = image.copy() - - def select_second_image(): - """ - 选择第二张图像 - """ - global Y, img_label_second - ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', True) # 设置窗口为最上层 - img_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Image files", "*.jpg;*.png;*.bmp;*.jpeg")], parent=ArithWin) - ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', False) # 恢复窗口最上层属性 - if img_path: - img_path_fixed = os.path.normpath(img_path) - img_temp = cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(img_path_fixed, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED) - if img_temp is None: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "无法读取图片，请选择有效的图片路径") - return - - image = cv2.cvtColor(img_temp, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # 转换颜色空间 - img = Image.fromarray(image) - img.thumbnail((100, 100)) # 缩略图 - img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) - img_label_second.configure(image=img_tk) - img_label_second.image = img_tk - else: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片路径") - Y = image.copy() - - def perform_operation(operation): - """ - 执行图像算术运算 - """ - nonlocal final - if X is None or Y is None: - messagebox.showerror("错误", "请选择两张图片") - return - - # 调整Y图像的尺寸和通道数与X一致 - Y_resized = cv2.resize(Y, (X.shape[1], X.shape[0])) - if len(X.shape) != len(Y_resized.shape): - if len(X.shape) == 2: - Y_resized = cv2.cvtColor(Y_resized, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) - else: - Y_resized = cv2.cvtColor(Y_resized, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR) - - if operation == "add": - final = cv2.add(X, Y_resized) - elif operation == "sub": - final = cv2.subtract(X, Y_resized) - elif operation == "mult": - final = cv2.multiply(X, Y_resized) - - show_result(final) - - def show_result(result_image): - """ - 显示运算结果图像 - """ - global edge # 更新全局变量 edge - edge = Image.fromarray(result_image) - - result_window = Toplevel(root) - result_window.attributes('-topmost', True) - result_window.geometry("620x480") - result_window.resizable(True, True) - result_window.title("运算结果") - - LabelPic = tk.Label(result_window, text="IMG", width=720, height=240) - image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(result_image)) - LabelPic.image = image - LabelPic['image'] = image - - LabelPic.bind('', lambda event: changeSize(event, result_image, LabelPic)) - LabelPic.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) - - # 添加保存按钮 - btn_save = tk.Button(result_window, text="保存", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=savefile) - btn_save.pack(pady=10) - - # 创建算术运算窗口 - try: - if ArithWin: - ArithWin.destroy() - except Exception as e: - print("NVM") - finally: - ArithWin = Toplevel(root) - ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', True) - ArithWin.geometry("720x480") - ArithWin.resizable(True, True) - ArithWin.title("选择运算类型") - - # 添加一个框架来容纳两个图像标签 - frame = tk.Frame(ArithWin) - frame.pack(pady=10) - - img_label_first = tk.Label(frame) - img_label_first.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) - img_label_second = tk.Label(frame) - img_label_second.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, padx=10) - - # 添加选择图像和运算按钮 - btn_select_first = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="选择第一张图片", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=select_first_image) - btn_select_first.pack(pady=10) - btn_select_second = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="选择第二张图片", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=select_second_image) - btn_select_second.pack(pady=10) - btn_add = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="加法", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=lambda: perform_operation("add")) - btn_add.pack(pady=10) - btn_sub = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="减法", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=lambda: perform_operation("sub")) - btn_sub.pack(pady=10) - btn_mult = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="乘法", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=lambda: perform_operation("mult")) - btn_mult.pack(pady=10) +import tkinter as tk +from tkinter import filedialog, messagebox, Toplevel +from PIL import Image, ImageTk +import numpy as np +import cv2 +import os + +# 全局变量声明 +img_path = "" # 用于存储图像路径 +src = None # 用于存储已选择的图像 +X = None # 用于存储第一张图像 +Y = None # 用于存储第二张图像 +img_label = None # 用于存储显示选择的图片的标签 +edge = None # 用于存储当前处理后的图像 + +# 用于不同功能的Toplevel窗口 +AffineWin = None +TurnWin = None +ArithWin = None + +def select_image(root): + """ + 选择图像并显示在主窗口中 + """ + global img_path, src, img_label, edge + + # 打开文件对话框选择图像文件 + img_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Image files", "*.jpg;*.png;*.jpeg;*.bmp")]) + if img_path: + # 处理图像路径以确保反斜杠正确处理，并使用UTF-8编码处理中文路径 + img_path_fixed = os.path.normpath(img_path) + + # 读取图像文件 + src_temp = cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(img_path_fixed, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED) + if src_temp is None: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "无法读取图片，请选择有效的图片路径") + return + src = cv2.cvtColor(src_temp, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) + + # 检查 img_label 是否存在且有效 + if img_label is None or not img_label.winfo_exists(): + img_label = tk.Label(root) + img_label.pack(side=tk.TOP, pady=10) + + # 显示缩略图 + img = Image.open(img_path) + img.thumbnail((160, 160)) + img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) + img_label.configure(image=img_tk) + img_label.image = img_tk + + # 更新 edge 变量为 PIL.Image 对象，以便稍后保存 + edge = Image.fromarray(src) + else: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片路径") + +def changeSize(event, img, LabelPic): + """ + 根据窗口大小调整图像大小 + """ + img_aspect = img.shape[1] / img.shape[0] # 计算图像的宽高比 + new_aspect = event.width / event.height # 计算窗口的新宽高比 + + if new_aspect > img_aspect: + new_width = int(event.height * img_aspect) # 根据新高度计算新宽度 + new_height = event.height # 使用新高度 + else: + new_width = event.width # 使用新宽度 + new_height = int(event.width / img_aspect) # 根据新宽度计算新高度 + + resized_image = cv2.resize(img, (new_width, new_height)) # 调整图像大小 + image1 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(resized_image)) + LabelPic.image = image1 + LabelPic['image'] = image1 + +def savefile(): + """ + 保存处理后的图像文件 + """ + global edge + + # 打开保存文件对话框 + filename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".jpg", filetypes=[("JPEG files", "*.jpg"), ("PNG files", "*.png"), ("BMP files", "*.bmp")]) + if not filename: + return + if edge is not None: + try: + edge.save(filename) + messagebox.showinfo("保存成功", "图片保存成功！") + except Exception as e: + messagebox.showerror("保存失败", f"无法保存图片: {e}") + else: + messagebox.showerror("保存失败", "没有图像可保存") + +def affine_tra(root): + """ + 对图像进行仿射变换 + """ + global src, AffineWin, edge + + #判断是否已经选取图片 + if src is None: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片！") + return + + rows, cols = src.shape[:2] # 获取图像的行和列 + + # 设置图像仿射变化矩阵 + post1 = np.float32([[50, 50], [200, 50], [50, 200]]) + post2 = np.float32([[10, 100], [200, 50], [100, 250]]) + m = cv2.getAffineTransform(post1, post2) + + # 图像仿射变换 + result = cv2.warpAffine(src, m, (cols, rows)) + + # 更新 edge 变量 + edge = Image.fromarray(result) + + # 创建Toplevel窗口 + try: + if AffineWin: + AffineWin.destroy() + except Exception: + print("NVM") + finally: + AffineWin = Toplevel(root) + AffineWin.attributes('-topmost', True) + AffineWin.geometry("360x300") + AffineWin.resizable(True, True) + AffineWin.title("仿射变换结果") + + # 显示图像 + LabelPic = tk.Label(AffineWin, text="IMG", width=360, height=240) + image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(result)) + LabelPic.image = image + LabelPic['image'] = image + + LabelPic.bind('', lambda event: changeSize(event, result, LabelPic)) + LabelPic.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) + + # 添加保存按钮 + btn_save = tk.Button(AffineWin, text="保存", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), + width=20, command=savefile) + btn_save.pack(pady=10) + +def turn(root): + """ + 对图像进行翻转操作 + """ + global src, TurnWin, edge + + if src is None: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片！") + return + + # 水平镜像 + horizontal = cv2.flip(src, 1) + + # 垂直镜像 + vertical = cv2.flip(src, 0) + + # 对角镜像 + cross = cv2.flip(src, -1) + + # 将三种翻转图像组合成一个图像进行显示 + combined = np.hstack((horizontal, vertical, cross)) + + # 更新 edge 变量 + edge = Image.fromarray(combined) + + # 创建Toplevel窗口 + try: + if TurnWin: + TurnWin.destroy() + except Exception as e: + print("NVM") + finally: + TurnWin = Toplevel(root) + TurnWin.attributes('-topmost', True) + TurnWin.geometry("720x300") + TurnWin.resizable(True, True) + TurnWin.title("翻转结果") + + # 显示图像 + LabelPic = tk.Label(TurnWin, text="IMG", width=720, height=240) + image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(combined)) + LabelPic.image = image + LabelPic['image'] = image + + LabelPic.bind('', lambda event: changeSize(event, combined, LabelPic)) + LabelPic.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) + + # 添加保存按钮 + btn_save = tk.Button(TurnWin, text="保存", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=savefile) + btn_save.pack(pady=10) + +def arithmetic(root): + """ + 对图像进行算术变换操作 + """ + global src, X, Y, ArithWin, img_label_first, img_label_second, edge + + final = None # 用于存储最终的算术运算结果 + + def select_first_image(): + """ + 选择第一张图像 + """ + global X, img_label_first + ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', True) # 设置窗口为最上层 + img_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Image files", "*.jpg;*.png;*.bmp;*.jpeg")], parent=ArithWin) + ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', False) # 恢复窗口最上层属性 + if img_path: + img_path_fixed = os.path.normpath(img_path) + img_temp = cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(img_path_fixed, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED) + if img_temp is None: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "无法读取图片，请选择有效的图片路径") + return + + image = cv2.cvtColor(img_temp, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # 转换颜色空间 + img = Image.fromarray(image) + img.thumbnail((100, 100)) # 缩略图 + img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) + img_label_first.configure(image=img_tk) + img_label_first.image = img_tk + else: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片路径") + X = image.copy() + + def select_second_image(): + """ + 选择第二张图像 + """ + global Y, img_label_second + ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', True) # 设置窗口为最上层 + img_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Image files", "*.jpg;*.png;*.bmp;*.jpeg")], parent=ArithWin) + ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', False) # 恢复窗口最上层属性 + if img_path: + img_path_fixed = os.path.normpath(img_path) + img_temp = cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(img_path_fixed, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED) + if img_temp is None: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "无法读取图片，请选择有效的图片路径") + return + + image = cv2.cvtColor(img_temp, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) # 转换颜色空间 + img = Image.fromarray(image) + img.thumbnail((100, 100)) # 缩略图 + img_tk = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img) + img_label_second.configure(image=img_tk) + img_label_second.image = img_tk + else: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "没有选择图片路径") + Y = image.copy() + + def perform_operation(operation): + """ + 执行图像算术运算 + """ + nonlocal final + if X is None or Y is None: + messagebox.showerror("错误", "请选择两张图片") + return + + # 调整Y图像的尺寸和通道数与X一致 + Y_resized = cv2.resize(Y, (X.shape[1], X.shape[0])) + if len(X.shape) != len(Y_resized.shape): + if len(X.shape) == 2: + Y_resized = cv2.cvtColor(Y_resized, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) + else: + Y_resized = cv2.cvtColor(Y_resized, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR) + + if operation == "add": + final = cv2.add(X, Y_resized) + elif operation == "sub": + final = cv2.subtract(X, Y_resized) + elif operation == "mult": + final = cv2.multiply(X, Y_resized) + + show_result(final) + + def show_result(result_image): + """ + 显示运算结果图像 + """ + global edge # 更新全局变量 edge + edge = Image.fromarray(result_image) + + result_window = Toplevel(root) + result_window.attributes('-topmost', True) + result_window.geometry("620x480") + result_window.resizable(True, True) + result_window.title("运算结果") + + LabelPic = tk.Label(result_window, text="IMG", width=720, height=240) + image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.fromarray(result_image)) + LabelPic.image = image + LabelPic['image'] = image + + LabelPic.bind('', lambda event: changeSize(event, result_image, LabelPic)) + LabelPic.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) + + # 添加保存按钮 + btn_save = tk.Button(result_window, text="保存", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=savefile) + btn_save.pack(pady=10) + + # 创建算术运算窗口 + try: + if ArithWin: + ArithWin.destroy() + except Exception as e: + print("NVM") + finally: + ArithWin = Toplevel(root) + ArithWin.attributes('-topmost', True) + ArithWin.geometry("720x480") + ArithWin.resizable(True, True) + ArithWin.title("选择运算类型") + + # 添加一个框架来容纳两个图像标签 + frame = tk.Frame(ArithWin) + frame.pack(pady=10) + + img_label_first = tk.Label(frame) + img_label_first.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) + img_label_second = tk.Label(frame) + img_label_second.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, padx=10) + + # 添加选择图像和运算按钮 + btn_select_first = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="选择第一张图片", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=select_first_image) + btn_select_first.pack(pady=10) + btn_select_second = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="选择第二张图片", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=select_second_image) + btn_select_second.pack(pady=10) + btn_add = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="加法", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=lambda: perform_operation("add")) + btn_add.pack(pady=10) + btn_sub = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="减法", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=lambda: perform_operation("sub")) + btn_sub.pack(pady=10) + btn_mult = tk.Button(ArithWin, text="乘法", bg='#add8e6', fg='black', font=('Helvetica', 14), width=20, command=lambda: perform_operation("mult")) + btn_mult.pack(pady=10)