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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 函数的参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "## 一、基础知识"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### Python 没有函数重载"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def ff( x ): return x \n",
+ "def ff( x,y ): return x + y # 同名函数后面的遮挡前面函数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ff(2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#### 值传递和引用传递"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# 值传递 :字符串、数字、元组 [ 不可变 ]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff(x): x += 1 # 不改变调用值 a\n",
+ "a = 5 ; ff(a) ; a"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# 引用传递: 列表、字典 [可变]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff(x): x.append(1) # 改变调用值 a\n",
+ "a = [ 0 ] ; ff(a); a"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## 二、函数参数形式\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python函数的参数传递非常灵活，支持多种参数形式，使得函数定义和调用更加强大和灵活。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## 2.1 普通参数"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 位置参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "位置参数是最基本的参数形式，按照它们在函数定义中的顺序传递。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hello Alice, you are 25 years old\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def greet(name, age): # name 和 age 是位置参数\n",
+ " print(f\"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 调用方式\n",
+ "greet(\"Alice\", 25) # 参数按照定义的顺序传入,\"Alice\" 对应 name，30 对应 age"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 默认参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "为某些参数设置默认值，如果调用时不提供该参数，则使用默认值。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hello, Bob. You are 18 years old.\n",
+ "Hello, Charlie. You are 25 years old.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def greet(name, age=18):\n",
+ " print(f\"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old.\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "greet(\"Bob\") # 使用默认年龄\n",
+ "greet(\"Charlie\", 25) # 提供具体年龄"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 调用函数时指定参数名\n",
+ "\n",
+ "通过参数名进行传递，参数顺序可以任意调整，提高了代码的可读性。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Charlie 20\n",
+ "Charlie 20\n",
+ "Charlie 20\n",
+ "Charlie 20\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def greet( name,age ): print( name,age) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "greet( name = 'Charlie', age=20 ) # 命名传递参数,更清楚\n",
+ "greet( age = 20,name = 'Charlie' ) # 顺序可以改变\n",
+ "greet( 'Charlie',age = 20 ) # 混合使用,普通调用放前面,命名调用放后面\n",
+ "\n",
+ "name,age = 'Charlie',20 \n",
+ "greet( name = name, age = age ) # 形参、实参数同名的情况"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## 2.2 可变参数"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 可变位置参数 \n",
+ "- 使用星号（*）定义可变数量的位置参数，这些参数被存储在一个元组中。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "6\n",
+ "15\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def sum_numbers(*args):\n",
+ " return sum(args)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 调用方式\n",
+ "print(sum_numbers(1, 2, 3)) # 输出: 6\n",
+ "print(sum_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) # 输出: 15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 关键字参数（命名参数、字典参数）\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- 放在可变位置参数后面 \n",
+ "- 调用的时候，必须使用名字赋值形式"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(1, (2, 3), 2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def ff(a,*b,c): return a,b,c\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ff( 1,c = 2 ) \n",
+ "ff( 1,2,c = 2 )\n",
+ "ff( 1,2,3,c = 2 ) "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# 没有可变参数，也要用 * 占位\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff(a,*,b): return a,b\n",
+ "ff(1,b=2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "1 () 0\n",
+ "1 2\n",
+ "1 3\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(None, None)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 52,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 有默认值的情况\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff( a,*b,c = 0 ): print(a,b,c) \n",
+ "ff(1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff( a = 1,*, b = 2 ): print(a,b) \n",
+ "ff(),ff( b = 3 ) # 前面是带默认值的位置参数"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hello Alice, you are 25 years old\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 函数以空*开头，强制函数用关键字参数，可提升代码可读性\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def greet(*, name, age): # * 之后的参数只能用关键字参数\n",
+ " print(f\"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 正确调用\n",
+ "greet(name=\"Alice\", age=25)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 错误调用\n",
+ "# greet(\"Alice\", 25) # 无 关键字命名 错误"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 可变关键字参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "使用两个星号（**）定义可变数量的关键字参数。这些参数被存储在一个字典中。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "name: Eve\n",
+ "age: 28\n",
+ "city: London\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def print_info(**kwargs):\n",
+ " for key, value in kwargs.items():\n",
+ " print(f\"{key}: {value}\")\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# 调用方式\n",
+ "print_info( name=\"Eve\", age=28, city=\"London\" )"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### 解包可变参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "在函数调用时，可以使用星号（*）或两个星号（**）来解包列表、元组或字典，将其中的元素或键值对作为参数传递给函数。"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def func(a, b, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+ " print(a, b, args)\n",
+ " for key, value in kwargs.items():\n",
+ " print(key, value)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "args = (3, 4) # 或者 [\"Alice\", 25, \"Beijing\"] 其它序列容器\n",
+ "kwargs = {'x': 5, 'y': 6} \n",
+ "func(1, 2, *args, **kwargs) "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## 2.3 混合使用各种参数"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 56,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "1 () 2 {}\n",
+ "1 () 2 {'d': 3}\n",
+ "1 () 2 {'d': 3, 'e': 4}\n",
+ "1 () 2 {'d': 3, 'e': 4}\n",
+ "1 () 2 {'d': 3, 'e': 4}\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "# 顺序：普通参数、可变位置参数、命名参数、可变关键字参数\n",
+ "# 可变位置参数后面，命名参数选取剩下的就是可变关键字参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff( a,*b,c,**d ): print( a,b,c,d )\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ff( 1,c=2 )\n",
+ "ff( 1,c=2,d=3 )\n",
+ "ff( 1,c=2,d=3,e=4 )\n",
+ "ff( 1,d=3,e=4,c=2 )\n",
+ "ff( 1,d=3,c=2,e=4 ) # 可推测其参数确定机制"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "普通参数 name : 1\n",
+ "普通参数 age : 2\n",
+ "可变参数 args : (3,)\n",
+ "命名参数 department : math\n",
+ "字典参数 kwargs : {}\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "def ff( name , age ='20', *args, department = 'cs', **kwargs ): \n",
+ " '''\n",
+ " name 是必需的位置参数。\n",
+ " age 是带有默认值的位置参数。\n",
+ " *args 收集额外的位置参数。\n",
+ " **kwargs 收集额外的关键字参数。\n",
+ " ''' \n",
+ " print('普通参数 name :', name )\n",
+ " print('普通参数 age :', age )\n",
+ " print('可变参数 args :', args )\n",
+ " print('命名参数 department :', department )\n",
+ " print('字典参数 kwargs :', kwargs )\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# ff()\n",
+ "# ff(1)\n",
+ "# ff(1,2)\n",
+ "# ff(1,2,3)\n",
+ "# ff(1,2,3,4)\n",
+ "# ff(1,2,3,department='math')\n",
+ "# ff(1,2,3,u1='math')\n",
+ "# ff(1,2,3,4,5,u1='tsg',department='cmu',u2='pku' )"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "# 基础代码中常用( *args,**kwargs )参数表来抽象表示一般函数的参数\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def ff( *args,**kwargs ): \n",
+ " pass"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## 总结\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#### 参数顺序规则\n",
+ "<code>\n",
+ "def function(\n",
+ " 位置参数, # 普通参数\n",
+ " 默认参数 = '默认值', # 默认参数\n",
+ " *args, # 可变位置参数 \n",
+ " 关键字参数, # 普通关键字参数\n",
+ " **kwargs # 可变关键字参数\n",
+ "): pass\n",
+ "</code> \n",
+ "\n",
+ "- 可以有默认值：普通位置参数、 关键字参数"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "hide_input": false,
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.8.3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}