def BintoInt(x):
    i = int(x, base=2)
    if x[0] == '1':
        i = i - 2 ** len(x)
    return i


def BintoUInt(x):
    return int(x, base=2)


def UInttoBin(x, n):
    return '0' * (n - len(bin(x)[2:])) + bin(x)[2:]


def InttoBin(x, n):
    if x < 0:
        x += 2 ** n
    return UInttoBin(x, n)


def unsigned_ext(x, n):
    return '0' * (n - len(x)) + x


def signed_ext(x, n):
    return x[0] * (n - len(x)) + x