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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../about-book.html">关于本书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../into-rust.html">进入 Rust 编程世界</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../first-try/sth-you-should-not-do.html">避免从入门到放弃</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><a href="../../community.html">社区和锈书</a></li><li class="chapter-item affix "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言基础学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 寻找牛刀，以便小试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 安装 Rust 环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 墙推 VSCode!</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/cargo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 认识 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 不仅仅是 Hello world</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../first-try/slowly-downloading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 下载依赖太慢了？</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust 基础入门</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量绑定与解构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 基本类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/numbers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 数值类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/char-bool.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 字符、布尔、单元类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/statement-expression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 语句与表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/base-type/function.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 所有权和借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/ownership.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/ownership/borrowing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 引用与借用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 复合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/string-slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 字符串与切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/tuple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 元组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/compound-type/array.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 数组</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/flow-control.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 流程控制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 模式匹配</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/match-if-let.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.1.</strong> match 和 if let</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.2.</strong> 解构 Option</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/pattern-match.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.3.</strong> 模式适用场景</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/match-pattern/all-patterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.4.</strong> 全模式列表</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 方法 Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型和特征</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/generic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.1.</strong> 泛型 Generics</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.2.</strong> 特征 Trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/trait-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.3.</strong> 特征对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/trait/advance-trait.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.4.</strong> 进一步深入特征</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/vector.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.1.</strong> 动态数组 Vector</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/collections/hashmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.2.</strong> KV 存储 HashMap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 认识生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 返回值和错误处理</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/panic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.1.</strong> panic! 深入剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/result-error/result.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.2.</strong> 返回值 Result 和?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 包和模块</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/crate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.1.</strong> 包 Crate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/module.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.2.</strong> 模块 Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/crate-module/use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.3.</strong> 使用 use 引入模块及受限可见性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/comment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 注释和文档</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic/formatted-output.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 格式化输出</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 入门实战：文件搜索工具</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/base-features.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 基本功能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/refactoring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 增加模块化和错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 测试驱动开发</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/envs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 使用环境变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/stderr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 重定向错误信息的输出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../basic-practice/iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 使用迭代器来改进程序(可选)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">Rust 语言进阶学习</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust 高级进阶</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/advance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> 深入生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/lifetime/static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> &amp;'static 和 T: 'static</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 函数式编程: 闭包、迭代器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/closure.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.1.</strong> 闭包 Closure</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/functional-programing/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.2.</strong> 迭代器 Iterator</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 深入类型</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/converse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.1.</strong> 类型转换</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/custom-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.2.</strong> newtype 和 类型别名</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/sized.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.3.</strong> Sized 和不定长类型 DST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/into-types/enum-int.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.4.</strong> 枚举和整数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 智能指针</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/box.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.1.</strong> Box堆对象分配</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.2.</strong> Deref 解引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/drop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.3.</strong> Drop 释放资源</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/rc-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.4.</strong> Rc 与 Arc 实现 1vN 所有权机制</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/smart-pointer/cell-refcell.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.5.</strong> Cell 与 RefCell 内部可变性</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> 循环引用与自引用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/circle-reference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.1.</strong> Weak 与循环引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/circle-self-ref/self-referential.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.2.</strong> 结构体中的自引用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 多线程并发编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/concurrency-parallelism.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.1.</strong> 并发和并行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/thread.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.2.</strong> 使用多线程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/message-passing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.3.</strong> 线程同步：消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.4.</strong> 线程同步：锁、Condvar 和信号量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/sync2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.5.</strong> 线程同步：Atomic 原子操作与内存顺序</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/concurrency-with-threads/send-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.6.</strong> 基于 Send 和 Sync 的线程安全</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/global-variable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> 全局变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/errors.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> 错误处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.</strong> Unsafe Rust</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/superpowers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.1.</strong> 五种兵器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/unsafe/inline-asm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.9.2.</strong> 内联汇编</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/macro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.10.</strong> Macro 宏编程</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.</strong> async/await 异步编程</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.1.</strong> async 编程入门</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/future-excuting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.2.</strong> 底层探秘: Future 执行与任务调度</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pin-unpin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.3.</strong> 定海神针 Pin 和 Unpin</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/async-await.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.4.</strong> async/await 和 Stream 流处理</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/multi-futures-simultaneous.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.5.</strong> 同时运行多个 Future</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/pain-points-and-workarounds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.6.</strong> 一些疑难问题的解决办法</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/async/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.11.7.</strong> 实践应用：Async Web 服务器</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 进阶实战1: 实现一个 web 服务器</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/web-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 单线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/multi-threads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 多线程版本</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice1/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 优雅关闭和资源清理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 进阶实战2: 实现一个简单 Redis</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> tokio 概览</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/getting-startted.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 使用初印象</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/spawning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 创建异步任务</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/shared-state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 共享状态</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/channels.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 消息传递</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> I/O</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> 解析数据帧</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> 深入 async</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/select.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.9.</strong> select</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/stream.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.10.</strong> 类似迭代器的 Stream</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/graceful-shutdown.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.11.</strong> 优雅的关闭</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance-practice/bridging-with-sync.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.12.</strong> 异步跟同步共存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Rust 难点攻关</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/slice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 切片和切片引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/eq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Eq 和 PartialEq</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> String、&amp;str 和 str TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 作用域、生命周期和 NLL TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../difficulties/move-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> move、Copy 和 Clone TODO</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../advance/difficulties/pointer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 裸指针、引用和智能指针 TODO</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">常用工具链</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 自动化测试</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/write-tests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> 编写测试及控制执行</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/unit-integration-test.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 单元测试和集成测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/assertion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 断言 assertion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> 用 GitHub Actions 进行持续集成</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../test/benchmark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 基准测试 benchmark</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Cargo 使用指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/getting-started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 上手使用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> 基础指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/why-exist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> 为何会有 Cargo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/download-package.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> 下载并构建 Package</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/dependencies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> 添加依赖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/package-layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Package 目录结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-toml-lock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/tests-ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> 测试和 CI</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/cargo-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Cargo 缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/guide/build-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> Build 缓存</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> 进阶指南</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/specify-deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.1.</strong> 指定依赖项</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/deps-overriding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.2.</strong> 依赖覆盖</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/manifest.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.3.</strong> Cargo.toml 清单详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/cargo-target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.4.</strong> Cargo Target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/workspaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.5.</strong> 工作空间 Workspace</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.</strong> 条件编译 Features</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/features/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.6.1.</strong> Features 示例</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/profiles.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.7.</strong> 发布配置 Profile</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/configuration.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.8.</strong> 通过 config.toml 对 Cargo 进行配置</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/publishing-on-crates.io.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.9.</strong> 发布到 crates.io</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.</strong> 构建脚本 build.rs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../cargo/reference/build-script/examples.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.10.1.</strong> 构建脚本示例</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">开发实践</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 企业落地实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../usecases/aws-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> AWS 为何这么喜欢 Rust?</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 日志和监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/about-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> 日志详解</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 日志门面 log</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 使用 tracing 记录日志</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/tracing-logger.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 自定义 tracing 的输出格式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 监控</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/about-observe.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.1.</strong> 可观测性</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../logs/observe/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.2.</strong> 分布式追踪</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Rust 最佳实践</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/third-party-libs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 日常开发三方库精选</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/naming.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> 命名规范</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/interview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> 面试经验</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../practice/best-pratice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 代码开发实践 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../too-many-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 手把手带你实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/do-we-need-it.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> 我们到底需不需要链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> 不太优秀的单向链表：栈</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/basic-operations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/bad-stack/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> 最后实现</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 还可以的单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/type-optimizing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> 优化类型定义</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> 定义 Peek 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/iter.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> IntoIter 和 Iter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/ok-stack/itermut.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.4.</strong> IterMut 以及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 持久化单向链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/persistent-stack/drop-arc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Drop、Arc 及完整代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 不咋样的双端队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> 数据布局和基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/peek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Peek</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/symmetric.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> 基本操作的对称镜像</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/iterator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> 迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/deque/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> 不错的 unsafe 队列</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> 数据布局</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/basics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> 基本操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/miri.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Miri</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> 栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/testing-stacked-borrow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> 测试栈借用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/layout2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.6.</strong> 数据布局 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/extra-junk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.7.</strong> 额外的操作</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/unsafe-queue/final-code.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.8.</strong> 最终代码</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> 使用高级技巧实现链表</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/unsafe-deque.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.1.</strong> 生产级可用的双向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/double-singly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.2.</strong> 双单向链表</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../too-many-lists/advanced-lists/stack-allocated.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.3.</strong> 栈上的链表</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">攻克编译错误</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 征服编译错误</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 对抗编译检查</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.</strong> 生命周期</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.1.</strong> 生命周期过大-01</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/too-long2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.2.</strong> 生命周期过大-02</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/loop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.3.</strong> 循环中的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/lifetime/closure-with-static.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.1.4.</strong> 闭包碰到特征对象-01</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.</strong> 重复借用</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/ref-exist-in-out-fn.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.1.</strong> 同时在函数内外使用引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/borrowing/borrow-distinct-fields-of-struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.2.2.</strong> 智能指针引起的重复借用错误</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/unconstrained.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.3.</strong> 类型未限制(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/fight-with-compiler/phantom-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.4.</strong> 幽灵数据(todo)</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Rust 常见陷阱</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/use-vec-in-for.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.1.</strong> for 循环中使用外部数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/stack-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.2.</strong> 线程类型导致的栈溢出</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/arithmetic-overflow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.3.</strong> 算术溢出导致的 panic</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/closure-with-lifetime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.4.</strong> 闭包中奇怪的生命周期</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/the-disabled-mutability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.5.</strong> 可变变量不可变？</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/multiple-mutable-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.6.</strong> 可变借用失败引发的深入思考</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/lazy-iterators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.7.</strong> 不太勤快的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/weird-ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.8.</strong> 奇怪的序列 x..y</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/iterator-everywhere.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.9.</strong> 无处不在的迭代器</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/main-with-channel-blocked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.10.</strong> 线程间传递消息导致主线程无法结束</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../compiler/pitfalls/utf8-performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.11.</strong> 警惕 UTF-8 引发的性能隐患</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">性能优化</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Rust 性能优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> 深入内存 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/pointer-ref.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.1.</strong> 指针和引用 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/uninit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.2.</strong> 未初始化内存 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/allocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.3.</strong> 内存分配 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.4.</strong> 内存布局 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/memory/virtual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.5.</strong> 虚拟内存 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> 性能调优 doing</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/string.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> 字符串操作性能</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/deep-into-move.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> 深入理解 move</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/early-optimise.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> 糟糕的提前优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/clone-copy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Clone 和 Copy todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/runtime-check.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> 减少 Runtime check(todo)</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/cpu-cache.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> CPU 缓存性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/calculate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> 计算性能优化 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/heap-stack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> 堆和栈 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/allocator.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> 内存 allocator todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.10.</strong> 常用性能测试工具 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/performance/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.11.</strong> Enum 内存优化 todo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> 编译优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/llvm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> LLVM todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> 常见属性标记 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/speed-up.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> 提升编译速度 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> 编译器优化 todo</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../profiling/compiler/optimization/option.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.1.</strong> Option 枚举 todo</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><li class="part-title">附录</li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Appendix</div><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/keywords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> 关键字</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/operators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> 运算符与符号</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> 表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/derive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> 派生特征 trait</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/prelude.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> prelude 模块 todo</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-version.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.6.</strong> Rust 版本说明</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.</strong> Rust 历次版本更新解读</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.58.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.1.</strong> 1.58</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.59.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.2.</strong> 1.59</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.60.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.3.</strong> 1.60</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.61.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.4.</strong> 1.61</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.62.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.5.</strong> 1.62</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.63.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.6.</strong> 1.63</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.7.</strong> 1.64</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.65.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.8.</strong> 1.65</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.66.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.9.</strong> 1.66</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.67.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.10.</strong> 1.67</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.68.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.11.</strong> 1.68</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../../appendix/rust-versions/1.69.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.7.12.</strong> 1.69</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<main>
<h2 id="迭代器"><a class="header" href="#迭代器">迭代器</a></h2>
<p>集合类型可以通过 <code>Iterator</code> 特征进行迭代，该特征看起来比 <code>Drop</code> 要复杂点：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub trait Iterator {
type Item;
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;;
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这里的 <code>Item</code> 是<a href="https://course.rs/basic/trait/advance-trait.html#%E5%85%B3%E8%81%94%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B">关联类型</a>，用来指代迭代器中具体的元素类型，<code>next</code> 方法返回的也是该类型。</p>
<p>其实上面的说法有点不够准确，原因是 <code>next</code> 方法返回的是 <code>Option&lt;Self::Item&gt;</code>，使用 <code>Option&lt;T&gt;</code> 枚举的原因是为了方便用户，不然用户需要 <code>has_next</code> 和 <code>get_next</code> 才能满足使用需求。有值时返回 <code>Some(T)</code>，无值时返回 <code>None</code>，这种 API 设计工程性更好，也更加安全，完美！</p>
<p>有点悲剧的是, Rust 截至目前还没有 <code>yield</code> 语句，因此我们需要自己来实现相关的逻辑。还有点需要注意，每个集合类型应该实现 3 种迭代器类型：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>IntoIter</code> - <code>T</code></li>
<li><code>IterMut</code> - <code>&amp;mut T</code></li>
<li><code>Iter</code> - <code>&amp;T</code></li>
</ul>
<p>也许大家不认识它们，但是其实很好理解，<code>IntoIter</code> 类型迭代器的 <code>next</code> 方法会拿走被迭代值的所有权，<code>IterMut</code> 是可变借用， <code>Iter</code> 是不可变借用。事实上，类似的<a href="https://course.rs/practice/naming.html#%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E8%BF%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%99%A8%E9%9C%80%E9%81%B5%E5%BE%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99iteriter_mutinto_iter-c-iter">命名规则</a>在 Rust 中随处可见，当熟悉后，以后见到类似的命名大家就可以迅速的理解其对值的运用方式。</p>
<h2 id="intoiter"><a class="header" href="#intoiter">IntoIter</a></h2>
<p>先来看看 <code>IntoIter</code> 该怎么实现:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct IntoIter&lt;T&gt;(List&lt;T&gt;);
impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn into_iter(self) -&gt; IntoIter&lt;T&gt; {
IntoIter(self)
}
}
impl&lt;T&gt; Iterator for IntoIter&lt;T&gt; {
type Item = T;
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
// access fields of a tuple struct numerically
self.0.pop()
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这里我们通过<a href="https://course.rs/basic/compound-type/struct.html#%E5%85%83%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93tuple-struct">元组结构体</a>的方式定义了 <code>IntoIter</code>，下面来测试下:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[test]
fn into_iter() {
let mut list = List::new();
list.push(1); list.push(2); list.push(3);
let mut iter = list.into_iter();
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(1));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test
Running target/debug/lists-5c71138492ad4b4a
running 4 tests
test first::test::basics ... ok
test second::test::basics ... ok
test second::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::peek ... ok
test result: ok. 4 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
</code></pre>
<h2 id="iter"><a class="header" href="#iter">Iter</a></h2>
<p>相对来说，<code>IntoIter</code> 是最好实现的，因为它只是简单的拿走值，不涉及到引用，也不涉及到生命周期，而 <code>Iter</code> 就有所不同了。</p>
<p>这里的基本逻辑是我们持有一个当前节点的指针，当生成一个值后，该指针将指向下一个节点。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Iter&lt;T&gt; {
next: Option&lt;&amp;Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
}
impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; Iter&lt;T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;node) }
}
}
impl&lt;T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;T&gt; {
type Item = &amp;T;
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
self.next.map(|node| {
self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;node);
&amp;node.elem
})
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
--&gt; src/second.rs:72:18
|
72 | next: Option&lt;&amp;Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
| ^ expected lifetime parameter
error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
--&gt; src/second.rs:82:17
|
82 | type Item = &amp;T;
| ^ expected lifetime parameter
</code></pre>
<p>许久不见的错误又冒了出来，而且这次直指 Rust 中最难的点之一：生命周期。关于生命周期的讲解，这里就不再展开，如果大家还不熟悉，强烈建议看看<a href="https://course.rs/advance/lifetime/intro.html">此章节</a>，然后再继续。</p>
<p>首先，先加一个生命周期试试：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
next: Option&lt;&amp;'a Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
--&gt; src/second.rs:83:22
|
83 | impl&lt;T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;T&gt; {
| ^^^^^^^ expected lifetime parameter
error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
--&gt; src/second.rs:84:17
|
84 | type Item = &amp;T;
| ^ expected lifetime parameter
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
</code></pre>
<p>好的，现在有了更多的提示，来按照提示修改下代码:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
next: Option&lt;&amp;'a Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
}
impl&lt;'a, T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter(&amp;'a self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;'a node) }
}
}
impl&lt;'a, T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
type Item = &amp;'a T;
fn next(&amp;'a mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
self.next.map(|node| {
self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;'a node);
&amp;'a node.elem
})
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
error: expected `:`, found `node`
--&gt; src/second.rs:77:47
|
77 | Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;'a node) }
| ---- while parsing this struct ^^^^ expected `:`
error: expected `:`, found `node`
--&gt; src/second.rs:85:50
|
85 | self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;'a node);
| ^^^^ expected `:`
error[E0063]: missing field `next` in initializer of `second::Iter&lt;'_, _&gt;`
--&gt; src/second.rs:77:9
|
77 | Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;'a node) }
| ^^^^ missing `next`
</code></pre>
<p>怎么回事。。感觉错误犹如雨后春笋般冒了出来，Rust 是不是被我们搞坏了 :(</p>
<p>现在看来，我们的生命周期是用错了，聪明的同学可能已经看出了端倪，那么再修改下试试；</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
next: Option&lt;&amp;'a Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
}
// 这里无需生命周期，因为 List 没有使用生命周期的关联项
impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
// 这里我们为 `iter` 声明一个生命周期 'a , 此时 `&amp;self` 需要至少和 `Iter` 活得一样久
pub fn iter&lt;'a&gt;(&amp;'a self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;node) }
}
}
// 这里声明生命周期是因为下面的关联类型 Item 需要
impl&lt;'a, T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
type Item = &amp;'a T;
// 这里无需更改，因为上面已经处理了.
// Self 依然是这么棒
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
self.next.map(|node| {
self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;node);
&amp;node.elem
})
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>现在，我们也许可以自信的编译下试试了：</p>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--&gt; src/second.rs:77:22
|
77 | Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;node) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected struct `second::Node`, found struct `std::boxed::Box`
|
= note: expected type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;`
found type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;std::boxed::Box&lt;second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;&gt;`
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--&gt; src/second.rs:85:25
|
85 | self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;node);
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected struct `second::Node`, found struct `std::boxed::Box`
|
= note: expected type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;'a second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;`
found type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;std::boxed::Box&lt;second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;&gt;`
</code></pre>
<p>(╯°□°)╯︵ ┻━┻</p>
<p>这么看，生命周期的问题解决了，但是又引入了新的错误。原因在于，我们希望存储 <code>&amp;Node</code> 但是获取的却是 <code>&amp;Box&lt;Node&gt;</code>。嗯，小问题，解引用搞定：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter&lt;'a&gt;(&amp;'a self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;*node) }
}
}
impl&lt;'a, T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
type Item = &amp;'a T;
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
self.next.map(|node| {
self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;*node);
&amp;node.elem
})
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
Compiling lists v0.1.0 (/Users/ABeingessner/dev/temp/lists)
error[E0515]: cannot return reference to local data `*node`
--&gt; src/second.rs:77:43
|
77 | Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;*node) }
| ^^^^^^ returns a reference to data owned by the current function
error[E0507]: cannot move out of borrowed content
--&gt; src/second.rs:77:22
|
77 | Iter { next: self.head.map(|node| &amp;*node) }
| ^^^^^^^^^ cannot move out of borrowed content
error[E0515]: cannot return reference to local data `*node`
--&gt; src/second.rs:85:46
|
85 | self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;*node);
| ^^^^^^ returns a reference to data owned by the current function
error[E0507]: cannot move out of borrowed content
--&gt; src/second.rs:85:25
|
85 | self.next = node.next.map(|node| &amp;*node);
| ^^^^^^^^^ cannot move out of borrowed content
</code></pre>
<p>又怎么了! (ﾉಥ益ಥ）ﾉ ┻━┻</p>
<p>大家还记得之前章节的内容吗？原因是这里我们忘记了 <code>as_ref</code> ，然后值的所有权被转移到了 <code>map</code> 中，结果我们在内部引用了一个局部值，造成一个悬垂引用：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
next: Option&lt;&amp;'a Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
}
impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter&lt;'a&gt;(&amp;'a self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.as_ref().map(|node| &amp;*node) }
}
}
impl&lt;'a, T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
type Item = &amp;'a T;
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
self.next.map(|node| {
self.next = node.next.as_ref().map(|node| &amp;*node);
&amp;node.elem
})
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
Compiling lists v0.1.0 (/Users/ABeingessner/dev/temp/lists)
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--&gt; src/second.rs:77:22
|
77 | Iter { next: self.head.as_ref().map(|node| &amp;*node) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected struct `second::Node`, found struct `std::boxed::Box`
|
= note: expected type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;`
found type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;std::boxed::Box&lt;second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;&gt;`
error[E0308]: mismatched types
--&gt; src/second.rs:85:25
|
85 | self.next = node.next.as_ref().map(|node| &amp;*node);
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected struct `second::Node`, found struct `std::boxed::Box`
|
= note: expected type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;'a second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;`
found type `std::option::Option&lt;&amp;std::boxed::Box&lt;second::Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;&gt;`
</code></pre>
<p>😭</p>
<p>错误的原因是，<code>as_ref</code> 增加了一层间接引用，需要被移除，这里使用另外一种方式来实现:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub struct Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
next: Option&lt;&amp;'a Node&lt;T&gt;&gt;,
}
impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter&lt;'a&gt;(&amp;'a self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.as_deref() }
}
}
impl&lt;'a, T&gt; Iterator for Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
type Item = &amp;'a T;
fn next(&amp;mut self) -&gt; Option&lt;Self::Item&gt; {
self.next.map(|node| {
self.next = node.next.as_deref();
&amp;node.elem
})
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo build
</code></pre>
<p>🎉 🎉 🎉</p>
<p><code>as_deref</code> 和 <code>as_deref_mut</code> 函数在 Rust 1.40 版本中正式稳定下来。在那之前，你只能在 <code>stable</code> 版本中使用 <code>map(|node| &amp;**node)</code> 和 <code>map(|node| &amp;mut**node)</code> 的方式来替代。</p>
<p>大家可能会觉得 <code>&amp;**</code> 的形式看上去有些烂，没错，确实如此。但是就像一瓶好酒一样，Rust 也随着时间的推进变得越来越好，因此现在我们已经无需再这么做了。事实上，Rust 很擅长隐式地做类似的转换，或者可以称之为 <a href="https://course.rs/advance/smart-pointer/deref.html"><code>Deref</code></a>。</p>
<p>但是 <code>Deref</code> 在这里并不能很好的完成自己的任务，原因是在闭包中使用 <code>Option&lt;&amp;T&gt;</code> 而不是 <code>&amp;T</code> 对于它来说有些过于复杂了，因此我们需要显式地去帮助它完成任务。好在根据我的经验来看，这种情况还是相当少见的。</p>
<p>事实上，还可以使用另一种方式来实现：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>self.next = node.next.as_ref().map::&lt;&amp;Node&lt;T&gt;, _&gt;(|node| &amp;node);
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这种类型暗示的方式可以使用的原因在于 <code>map</code> 是一个泛型函数:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>pub fn map&lt;U, F&gt;(self, f: F) -&gt; Option&lt;U&gt;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>turbofish 形式的符号 <code>::&lt;&gt;</code> 可以告诉编译器我们希望用哪个具体的类型来替代泛型类型，在这种情况里，<code>::&lt;&amp;Node&lt;T&gt;, _&gt;</code> 意味着: 它应该返回一个 <code>&amp;Node&lt;T&gt;</code>。这种方式可以让编译器知道它需要对 <code>&amp;node</code> 应用 <code>deref</code>，这样我们就不用手动的添加 <code>**</code> 来进行解引用。</p>
<p>好了，既然编译通过，那就写个测试来看看运行结果:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>#[test]
fn iter() {
let mut list = List::new();
list.push(1); list.push(2); list.push(3);
let mut iter = list.iter();
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&amp;3));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&amp;2));
assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&amp;1));
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><code class="language-shell">$ cargo test
Running target/debug/lists-5c71138492ad4b4a
running 5 tests
test first::test::basics ... ok
test second::test::basics ... ok
test second::test::into_iter ... ok
test second::test::iter ... ok
test second::test::peek ... ok
test result: ok. 4 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured
</code></pre>
<p>最后，还有一点值得注意，之前的代码事实上可以应用<a href="https://course.rs/basic/lifetime.html#%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E6%B6%88%E9%99%A4">生命周期消除原则</a>:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter&lt;'a&gt;(&amp;'a self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'a, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.as_deref() }
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这段代码跟以下代码是等价的:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; Iter&lt;T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.as_deref() }
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>当然，如果你就喜欢生命周期那种自由、飘逸的 feeling，还可以使用 Rust 2018 引入的“显式生命周期消除&quot;语法 <code>'_</code>：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2021">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>impl&lt;T&gt; List&lt;T&gt; {
pub fn iter(&amp;self) -&gt; Iter&lt;'_, T&gt; {
Iter { next: self.head.as_deref() }
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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