wangrunji0408 6 years ago
commit f829576987

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This file makes sure that Github Pages doesn't process mdBook's output.

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}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
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html.classList.remove('no-js')
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="index.html">简明 zCore 教程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zcore-intro.html">zCore 整体结构和设计模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="fuchsia.html">Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 内核对象</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-kernel-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 初识内核对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-process-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 对象管理器Process 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-channel-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 对象传送器Channel 对象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-task.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 任务管理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-01-zircon-task.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Zircon 任务管理体系</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-02-hal-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 硬件抽象层与异步运行时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-03-thread-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 线程管理Thread 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-04-process-job-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 进程管理Process 与 Job 对象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-memory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 内存管理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-zircon-memory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Zircon 内存管理模型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-vmo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 物理内存VMO 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-vmar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 虚拟内存VMAR 对象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-userspace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 用户程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-user-program.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Zircon 用户程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-load-elf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 加载 ELF 文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-context-switch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 上下文切换</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-04-syscall.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 系统调用</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<div class="page">
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<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
<div class="left-buttons">
<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
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</button>
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</button>
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
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/*
Based off of the Ayu theme
Original by Dempfi (https://github.com/dempfi/ayu)
*/
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display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
background: #191f26;
color: #e6e1cf;
padding: 0.5em;
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"use strict";
// Fix back button cache problem
window.onunload = function () { };
// Global variable, shared between modules
function playground_text(playground) {
let code_block = playground.querySelector("code");
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
return editor.getValue();
} else {
return code_block.textContent;
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}
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function fetch_with_timeout(url, options, timeout = 6000) {
return Promise.race([
fetch(url, options),
new Promise((_, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('timeout')), timeout))
]);
}
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fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/meta/crates", {
headers: {
'Content-Type': "application/json",
},
method: 'POST',
mode: 'cors',
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => {
// get list of crates available in the rust playground
let playground_crates = response.crates.map(item => item["id"]);
playgrounds.forEach(block => handle_crate_list_update(block, playground_crates));
});
}
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editor.addEventListener("change", function (e) {
update_play_button(playground_block, playground_crates);
});
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editor.commands.addCommand({
name: "run",
bindKey: {
win: "Ctrl-Enter",
mac: "Ctrl-Enter"
},
exec: _editor => run_rust_code(playground_block)
});
}
}
}
// updates the visibility of play button based on `no_run` class and
// used crates vs ones available on http://play.rust-lang.org
function update_play_button(pre_block, playground_crates) {
var play_button = pre_block.querySelector(".play-button");
// skip if code is `no_run`
if (pre_block.querySelector('code').classList.contains("no_run")) {
play_button.classList.add("hidden");
return;
}
// get list of `extern crate`'s from snippet
var txt = playground_text(pre_block);
var re = /extern\s+crate\s+([a-zA-Z_0-9]+)\s*;/g;
var snippet_crates = [];
var item;
while (item = re.exec(txt)) {
snippet_crates.push(item[1]);
}
// check if all used crates are available on play.rust-lang.org
var all_available = snippet_crates.every(function (elem) {
return playground_crates.indexOf(elem) > -1;
});
if (all_available) {
play_button.classList.remove("hidden");
} else {
play_button.classList.add("hidden");
}
}
function run_rust_code(code_block) {
var result_block = code_block.querySelector(".result");
if (!result_block) {
result_block = document.createElement('code');
result_block.className = 'result hljs language-bash';
code_block.append(result_block);
}
let text = playground_text(code_block);
let classes = code_block.querySelector('code').classList;
let has_2018 = classes.contains("edition2018");
let edition = has_2018 ? "2018" : "2015";
var params = {
version: "stable",
optimize: "0",
code: text,
edition: edition
};
if (text.indexOf("#![feature") !== -1) {
params.version = "nightly";
}
result_block.innerText = "Running...";
fetch_with_timeout("https://play.rust-lang.org/evaluate.json", {
headers: {
'Content-Type': "application/json",
},
method: 'POST',
mode: 'cors',
body: JSON.stringify(params)
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(response => result_block.innerText = response.result)
.catch(error => result_block.innerText = "Playground Communication: " + error.message);
}
// Syntax highlighting Configuration
hljs.configure({
tabReplace: ' ', // 4 spaces
languages: [], // Languages used for auto-detection
});
let code_nodes = Array
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code'))
// Don't highlight `inline code` blocks in headers.
.filter(function (node) {return !node.parentElement.classList.contains("header"); });
if (window.ace) {
// language-rust class needs to be removed for editable
// blocks or highlightjs will capture events
Array
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code.editable'))
.forEach(function (block) { block.classList.remove('language-rust'); });
Array
.from(document.querySelectorAll('code:not(.editable)'))
.forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); });
} else {
code_nodes.forEach(function (block) { hljs.highlightBlock(block); });
}
// Adding the hljs class gives code blocks the color css
// even if highlighting doesn't apply
code_nodes.forEach(function (block) { block.classList.add('hljs'); });
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("code.language-rust")).forEach(function (block) {
var lines = Array.from(block.querySelectorAll('.boring'));
// If no lines were hidden, return
if (!lines.length) { return; }
block.classList.add("hide-boring");
var buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
buttons.innerHTML = "<button class=\"fa fa-expand\" title=\"Show hidden lines\" aria-label=\"Show hidden lines\"></button>";
// add expand button
var pre_block = block.parentNode;
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
pre_block.querySelector('.buttons').addEventListener('click', function (e) {
if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-expand')) {
e.target.classList.remove('fa-expand');
e.target.classList.add('fa-compress');
e.target.title = 'Hide lines';
e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
block.classList.remove('hide-boring');
} else if (e.target.classList.contains('fa-compress')) {
e.target.classList.remove('fa-compress');
e.target.classList.add('fa-expand');
e.target.title = 'Show hidden lines';
e.target.setAttribute('aria-label', e.target.title);
block.classList.add('hide-boring');
}
});
});
if (window.playground_copyable) {
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('pre code')).forEach(function (block) {
var pre_block = block.parentNode;
if (!pre_block.classList.contains('playground')) {
var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons");
if (!buttons) {
buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
}
var clipButton = document.createElement('button');
clipButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
clipButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
clipButton.setAttribute('aria-label', clipButton.title);
clipButton.innerHTML = '<i class=\"tooltiptext\"></i>';
buttons.insertBefore(clipButton, buttons.firstChild);
}
});
}
// Process playground code blocks
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".playground")).forEach(function (pre_block) {
// Add play button
var buttons = pre_block.querySelector(".buttons");
if (!buttons) {
buttons = document.createElement('div');
buttons.className = 'buttons';
pre_block.insertBefore(buttons, pre_block.firstChild);
}
var runCodeButton = document.createElement('button');
runCodeButton.className = 'fa fa-play play-button';
runCodeButton.hidden = true;
runCodeButton.title = 'Run this code';
runCodeButton.setAttribute('aria-label', runCodeButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(runCodeButton, buttons.firstChild);
runCodeButton.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
run_rust_code(pre_block);
});
if (window.playground_copyable) {
var copyCodeClipboardButton = document.createElement('button');
copyCodeClipboardButton.className = 'fa fa-copy clip-button';
copyCodeClipboardButton.innerHTML = '<i class="tooltiptext"></i>';
copyCodeClipboardButton.title = 'Copy to clipboard';
copyCodeClipboardButton.setAttribute('aria-label', copyCodeClipboardButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(copyCodeClipboardButton, buttons.firstChild);
}
let code_block = pre_block.querySelector("code");
if (window.ace && code_block.classList.contains("editable")) {
var undoChangesButton = document.createElement('button');
undoChangesButton.className = 'fa fa-history reset-button';
undoChangesButton.title = 'Undo changes';
undoChangesButton.setAttribute('aria-label', undoChangesButton.title);
buttons.insertBefore(undoChangesButton, buttons.firstChild);
undoChangesButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
let editor = window.ace.edit(code_block);
editor.setValue(editor.originalCode);
editor.clearSelection();
});
}
});
})();
(function themes() {
var html = document.querySelector('html');
var themeToggleButton = document.getElementById('theme-toggle');
var themePopup = document.getElementById('theme-list');
var themeColorMetaTag = document.querySelector('meta[name="theme-color"]');
var stylesheets = {
ayuHighlight: document.querySelector("[href$='ayu-highlight.css']"),
tomorrowNight: document.querySelector("[href$='tomorrow-night.css']"),
highlight: document.querySelector("[href$='highlight.css']"),
};
function showThemes() {
themePopup.style.display = 'block';
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
themePopup.querySelector("button#" + get_theme()).focus();
}
function hideThemes() {
themePopup.style.display = 'none';
themeToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', false);
themeToggleButton.focus();
}
function get_theme() {
var theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) {
return default_theme;
} else {
return theme;
}
}
function set_theme(theme, store = true) {
let ace_theme;
if (theme == 'coal' || theme == 'navy') {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = false;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night";
} else if (theme == 'ayu') {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = false;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = true;
ace_theme = "ace/theme/tomorrow_night";
} else {
stylesheets.ayuHighlight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.tomorrowNight.disabled = true;
stylesheets.highlight.disabled = false;
ace_theme = "ace/theme/dawn";
}
setTimeout(function () {
themeColorMetaTag.content = getComputedStyle(document.body).backgroundColor;
}, 1);
if (window.ace && window.editors) {
window.editors.forEach(function (editor) {
editor.setTheme(ace_theme);
});
}
var previousTheme = get_theme();
if (store) {
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme); } catch (e) { }
}
html.classList.remove(previousTheme);
html.classList.add(theme);
}
// Set theme
var theme = get_theme();
set_theme(theme, false);
themeToggleButton.addEventListener('click', function () {
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block') {
hideThemes();
} else {
showThemes();
}
});
themePopup.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
var theme = e.target.id || e.target.parentElement.id;
set_theme(theme);
});
themePopup.addEventListener('focusout', function(e) {
// e.relatedTarget is null in Safari and Firefox on macOS (see workaround below)
if (!!e.relatedTarget && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.relatedTarget) && !themePopup.contains(e.relatedTarget)) {
hideThemes();
}
});
// Should not be needed, but it works around an issue on macOS & iOS: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/628
document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
if (themePopup.style.display === 'block' && !themeToggleButton.contains(e.target) && !themePopup.contains(e.target)) {
hideThemes();
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hideThemes();
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break;
case 'ArrowDown':
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var li = document.activeElement.parentElement;
if (li && li.nextElementSibling) {
li.nextElementSibling.querySelector('button').focus();
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break;
case 'Home':
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themePopup.querySelector('li:first-child button').focus();
break;
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e.preventDefault();
themePopup.querySelector('li:last-child button').focus();
break;
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})();
(function sidebar() {
var html = document.querySelector("html");
var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar");
var sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a');
var sidebarToggleButton = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle");
var sidebarResizeHandle = document.getElementById("sidebar-resize-handle");
var firstContact = null;
function showSidebar() {
html.classList.remove('sidebar-hidden')
html.classList.add('sidebar-visible');
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function (link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', 0);
});
sidebarToggleButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded', true);
sidebar.setAttribute('aria-hidden', false);
try { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', 'visible'); } catch (e) { }
}
var sidebarAnchorToggles = document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a.toggle');
function toggleSection(ev) {
ev.currentTarget.parentElement.classList.toggle('expanded');
}
Array.from(sidebarAnchorToggles).forEach(function (el) {
el.addEventListener('click', toggleSection);
});
function hideSidebar() {
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible')
html.classList.add('sidebar-hidden');
Array.from(sidebarLinks).forEach(function (link) {
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<h1><a class="header" href="#内核对象" id="内核对象">内核对象</a></h1>
<p>Zircon 是一个基于内核对象的系统。系统的功能被划分到若干组内核对象中。</p>
<p>作为一切的开始,本章首先构造了一个内核对象框架,作为后面实现的基础。
然后我们实现第一个内核对象 —— <code>Process</code>,它是所有对象的容器,也是将来我们操作对象的入口点。
最后会实现一个稍微复杂但是极其重要的对象 <code>Channel</code>,它是进程间通信(<em>IPC</em>)的基础设施,也是传送对象的唯一管道。</p>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#初识内核对象" id="初识内核对象">初识内核对象</a></h1>
<h2><a class="header" href="#内核对象简介" id="内核对象简介">内核对象简介</a></h2>
<p>TODO</p>
<p>详细内容可参考 Fuchsia 官方文档:<a href="https://github.com/zhangpf/fuchsia-docs-zh-CN/blob/master/zircon/docs/objects.md">内核对象</a></p>
<p>在这一节中我们将在 Rust 中实现内核对象的概念。</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#建立项目" id="建立项目">建立项目</a></h2>
<p>首先我们需要安装 Rust 工具链。在 Linux 或 macOS 系统下,只需要用一个命令下载安装 rustup 即可:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
</code></pre>
<p>具体安装方法可以参考<a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch01-01-installation.html">官方文档</a></p>
<p>接下来我们用 cargo 创建一个 Rust 库项目:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo new --lib zcore
$ cd zcore
</code></pre>
<p>我们将在这个 crate 中实现所有的内核对象以库lib而不是可执行文件bin的形式组织代码后面我们会依赖单元测试保证代码的正确性。</p>
<p>由于我们会用到一些不稳定unstable的语言特性需要使用 nightly 版本的工具链。在项目根目录下创建一个 <code>rust-toolchain</code> 文件,指明使用的工具链版本:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">nightly-2020-06-04
</code></pre>
<p>这个程序库目前是在你的 Linux 或 macOS 上运行,但有朝一日它会成为一个真正的 OS 在裸机上运行。
为此我们需要移除对标准库的依赖,使其成为一个不依赖当前 OS 功能的库。在 <code>lib.rs</code> 的第一行添加声明:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#![no_std]
extern crate alloc;
</code></pre>
<p>现在我们可以尝试运行一下自带的单元测试,编译器可能会自动下载并安装工具链:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.52s
Running target/debug/deps/zcore-dc6d43637bc5df7a
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现-kernelobject-接口" id="实现-kernelobject-接口">实现 KernelObject 接口</a></h2>
<p>所有的内核对象有一系列共同的属性和方法,我们称这些方法为对象的公共<strong>接口Interface</strong>
同一种方法在不同类型的对象中可能会有不同的行为,在面向对象语言中我们称其为<strong>多态Polymorphism</strong></p>
<p>Rust 是一门部分面向对象的语言,我们通常用它的 trait 实现接口和多态。</p>
<p>首先创建一个 <code>KernelObject</code> trait 作为内核对象的公共接口:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>/// 内核对象公共接口
pub trait KernelObject: Send + Sync {
/// 获取对象 ID
fn id(&amp;self) -&gt; KoID;
/// 获取对象类型名
fn type_name(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;str;
/// 获取对象名称
fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; String;
/// 设置对象名称
fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str);
}
/// 对象 ID 类型
pub type KoID = u64;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这里的 <a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><code>Send + Sync</code></a> 是一个约束所有 <code>KernelObject</code> 都要满足的前提条件,即它必须是一个<strong>并发对象</strong>
所谓并发对象指的是<strong>可以安全地被多线程共享访问</strong>。事实上我们的内核本身就是一个共享地址空间的多线程程序,在裸机上每个 CPU 核都可以被视为一个并发执行的线程。
由于内核对象可能被多个线程同时访问,因此它必须是并发对象。</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现一个空对象" id="实现一个空对象">实现一个空对象</a></h2>
<p>接下来我们实现一个最简单的空对象 <code>DummyObject</code>,并为它实现 <code>KernelObject</code> 接口:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">use spin::Mutex;
/// 空对象
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DummyObject {
id: KoID,
inner: Mutex&lt;DummyObjectInner&gt;,
}
/// `DummyObject` 的内部可变部分
#[derive(Default, Debug)]
struct DummyObjectInner {
name: String,
}
</code></pre>
<p>这里我们采用一种<a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong>内部可变性</strong></a>的设计模式:将对象的所有可变的部分封装到一个内部对象 <code>DummyObjectInner</code> 中,并在原对象中用自旋锁 <a href="https://docs.rs/spin/0.5.2/spin/struct.Mutex.html"><code>Mutex</code></a> 把它包起来,剩下的其它字段都是不可变的。
<code>Mutex</code> 会用最简单的方式帮我们处理好并发访问问题:如果有其他人正在访问,我就在这里死等。
数据被 <code>Mutex</code> 包起来之后需要首先使用 <a href="https://docs.rs/spin/0.5.2/spin/struct.Mutex.html#method.lock"><code>lock()</code></a> 拿到锁之后才能访问。此时并发访问已经安全,因此被包起来的结构自动具有了 <code>Send + Sync</code> 特性。</p>
<p>使用自旋锁引入了新的依赖库 <a href="https://docs.rs/spin/0.5.2/spin/index.html"><code>spin</code></a> ,需要在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中加入以下声明:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
spin = &quot;0.5&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>然后我们为新对象实现构造函数:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">use alloc::sync::Arc;
use core::sync::atomic::*;
impl DummyObject {
/// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
pub fn new() -&gt; Arc&lt;Self&gt; {
Arc::new(DummyObject {
id: Self::new_koid(),
inner: Default::default(),
})
}
/// 生成一个唯一的 ID
fn new_koid() -&gt; KoID {
static NEXT_KOID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1024);
NEXT_KOID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>根据文档描述,每个内核对象都有唯一的 ID。为此我们需要实现一个全局的 ID 分配方法。这里采用的方法是用一个静态变量存放下一个待分配 ID 值,每次分配就原子地 +1。
ID 类型使用 <code>u64</code>,保证了数值空间足够大,在有生之年都不用担心溢出问题。在 Zircon 中 ID 从 1024 开始分配1024 以下保留作内核内部使用。</p>
<p>另外注意这里 <code>new</code> 函数返回类型不是 <code>Self</code> 而是 <code>Arc&lt;Self&gt;</code>,这是为了以后方便而做的统一约定。</p>
<p>最后我们为它实现 <code>KernelObject</code> 接口:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">impl KernelObject for DummyObject {
fn id(&amp;self) -&gt; KoID {
self.id
}
fn type_name(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;str {
&quot;DummyObject&quot;
}
fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; String {
self.inner.lock().name.clone()
}
fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str) {
self.inner.lock().name = String::from(name);
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>到此为止,我们已经迈出了万里长征第一步,实现了一个最简单的功能。有实现,就要有测试!即使最简单的代码也要保证它的行为符合我们预期。
只有对现有代码进行充分测试,在未来做添加和修改的时候,我们才有信心不会把事情搞砸。俗话讲&quot;万丈高楼平地起&quot;,把地基打好才能盖摩天大楼。</p>
<p>为了证明上面代码的正确性,我们写一个简单的单元测试,替换掉自带的 <code>it_works</code> 函数:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn dummy_object() {
let o1 = DummyObject::new();
let o2 = DummyObject::new();
assert_ne!(o1.id(), o2.id());
assert_eq!(o1.type_name(), &quot;DummyObject&quot;);
assert_eq!(o1.name(), &quot;&quot;);
o1.set_name(&quot;object1&quot;);
assert_eq!(o1.name(), &quot;object1&quot;);
}
}
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.53s
Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
running 1 test
test tests::dummy_object ... ok
</code></pre>
<p>大功告成!让我们用 <code>cargo fmt</code> 命令格式化一下代码,然后记得 <code>git commit</code> 及时保存进展。</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现接口到具体类型的向下转换" id="实现接口到具体类型的向下转换">实现接口到具体类型的向下转换</a></h2>
<p>在系统调用中,用户进程会传入一个内核对象的句柄,然后内核会根据系统调用的类型,尝试将其转换成特定类型的对象。
于是这里产生了一个很重要的需求:将接口 <code>Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt;</code> 转换成具体类型的结构 <code>Arc&lt;T&gt; where T: KernelObject</code>
这种操作在面向对象语言中称为<strong>向下转换downcast</strong></p>
<p>在大部分编程语言中,向下转换都是一件非常轻松的事情。例如在 C/C++ 中,我们可以这样写:</p>
<pre><code class="language-c++">struct KernelObject {...};
struct DummyObject: KernelObject {...};
KernelObject *base = ...;
// C 风格:强制类型转换
DummyObject *dummy = (DummyObject*)(base);
// C++ 风格:动态类型转换
DummyObject *dummy = dynamic_cast&lt;DummyObject*&gt;(base);
</code></pre>
<p>但在 Rust 中,由于其 trait 模型的限制,向下转换并不是一件容易的事情。
虽然标准库中提供了 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/"><code>Any</code></a> trait部分实现了动态类型的功能但实际操作起来却困难重重。
不信邪的同学可以自己折腾一下:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::Any;
</span><span class="boring">use std::sync::Arc;
</span>trait KernelObject: Any + Send + Sync {}
fn downcast_v1&lt;T: KernelObject&gt;(object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt;) -&gt; Arc&lt;T&gt; {
object.downcast::&lt;T&gt;().unwrap()
}
fn downcast_v2&lt;T: KernelObject&gt;(object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt;) -&gt; Arc&lt;T&gt; {
let object: Arc&lt;dyn Any + Send + Sync + 'static&gt; = object;
object.downcast::&lt;T&gt;().unwrap()
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>当然这个问题也困扰了 Rust 社区中的很多人。目前已经有人提出了一套不错的解决方案,就是我们接下来要引入的 <a href="https://docs.rs/downcast-rs/1.2.0/downcast_rs/index.html"><code>downcast-rs</code></a> 库:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
downcast-rs = { version = &quot;1.2.0&quot;, default-features = false }
</code></pre>
<p>(题外话:这个库原来是不支持 no_std 的zCore 有这个需求,于是就顺便帮他实现了一把)</p>
<p>按照它文档的描述,我们要为自己的接口实现向下转换,只需以下修改:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">use core::fmt::Debug;
use downcast_rs::{impl_downcast, DowncastSync};
pub trait KernelObject: DowncastSync + Debug {...}
impl_downcast!(sync KernelObject);
</code></pre>
<p>其中 <code>DowncastSync</code> 代替了原来的 <code>Send + Sync</code><code>Debug</code> 用于出错时输出调试信息。
<code>impl_downcast!</code> 宏用来帮我们自动生成转换函数,然后就可以用 <code>downcast_arc</code> 来对 <code>Arc</code> 做向下转换了。我们直接来测试一把:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[test]
fn downcast() {
let dummy = DummyObject::new();
let object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt; = dummy;
let _result: Arc&lt;DummyObject&gt; = object.downcast_arc::&lt;DummyObject&gt;().unwrap();
}
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s
Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
running 2 tests
test object::downcast ... ok
test object::tests::dummy_object ... ok
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#模拟继承用宏自动生成接口实现代码" id="模拟继承用宏自动生成接口实现代码">模拟继承:用宏自动生成接口实现代码</a></h2>
<p>上面我们已经完整实现了一个内核对象,代码看起来很简洁。但当我们要实现更多对象的时候,就会发现一个问题:
这些对象拥有一些公共属性,接口方法也有共同的实现。
在传统 OOP 语言中,我们通常使用 <strong>继承inheritance</strong> 来复用这些公共代码:子类 B 可以继承父类 A然后自动拥有父类的所有字段和方法。</p>
<p>继承是一个很强大的功能,但在长期实践中人们也逐渐发现了它的弊端。有兴趣的读者可以看一看知乎上的探讨:<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/20275578/answer/26577791"><em>面向对象编程的弊端是什么?</em></a>
经典著作《设计模式》中就鼓励大家<strong>使用组合代替继承</strong>。而一些现代的编程语言,如 Go 和 Rust甚至直接抛弃了继承。在 Rust 中,通常使用组合结构和 <a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch15-02-deref.html"><code>Deref</code></a> trait 来部分模拟继承。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>继承野蛮trait 文明。 —— 某 Rust 爱好者</p>
</blockquote>
<p>接下来我们模仿 <code>downcast-rs</code> 库的做法,使用一种基于宏的代码生成方案,来实现 <code>KernelObject</code> 的继承。
当然这只是抛砖引玉,如果读者自己实现了,或者了解到社区中有更好的解决方案,也欢迎指出。</p>
<p>具体做法是这样的:</p>
<ul>
<li>使用一个 struct 来提供所有的公共属性和方法,作为所有子类的第一个成员。</li>
<li>为子类实现 trait 接口,所有方法直接委托给内部 struct 完成。这部分使用宏来自动生成模板代码。</li>
</ul>
<p>而所谓的内部 struct其实就是我们上面实现的 <code>DummyObject</code>。为了更好地体现它的功能,我们给他改个名叫 <code>KObjectBase</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">/// 内核对象核心结构
pub struct KObjectBase {
/// 对象 ID
pub id: KoID,
inner: Mutex&lt;KObjectBaseInner&gt;,
}
/// `KObjectBase` 的内部可变部分
#[derive(Default)]
struct KObjectBaseInner {
name: String,
}
</code></pre>
<p>接下来我们把它的构造函数改为实现 <code>Default</code> trait并且公共属性和方法都指定为 <code>pub</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">impl Default for KObjectBase {
/// 创建一个新 `KObjectBase`
fn default() -&gt; Self {
KObjectBase {
id: Self::new_koid(),
inner: Default::default(),
}
}
}
impl KObjectBase {
/// 生成一个唯一的 ID
fn new_koid() -&gt; KoID {...}
/// 获取对象名称
pub fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; String {...}
/// 设置对象名称
pub fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str) {...}
}
</code></pre>
<p>最后来写一个魔法的宏!</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">/// 为内核对象 struct 自动实现 `KernelObject` trait 的宏。
#[macro_export] // 导出宏,可在 crate 外部使用
macro_rules! impl_kobject {
// 匹配类型名,并可以提供函数覆盖默认实现
($class:ident $( $fn:tt )*) =&gt; {
// 为对象实现 KernelObject trait方法直接转发到内部 struct
impl KernelObject for $class {
fn id(&amp;self) -&gt; KoID {
// 直接访问内部的 pub 属性
self.base.id
}
fn type_name(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;str {
// 用 stringify! 宏将输入转成字符串
stringify!($class)
}
// 注意宏里面的类型要写完整路径例如alloc::string::String
fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; alloc::string::String {
self.base.name()
}
fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str){
// 直接访问内部的 pub 方法
self.base.set_name(name)
}
// 可以传入任意数量的函数,覆盖 trait 的默认实现
$( $fn )*
}
// 为对象实现 Debug trait
impl core::fmt::Debug for $class {
fn fmt(
&amp;self,
f: &amp;mut core::fmt::Formatter&lt;'_&gt;,
) -&gt; core::result::Result&lt;(), core::fmt::Error&gt; {
// 输出对象类型、ID 和名称
f.debug_tuple(&amp;stringify!($class))
.field(&amp;self.id())
.field(&amp;self.name())
.finish()
}
}
};
}
</code></pre>
<p>轮子已经造好了!让我们看看如何用它方便地实现一个内核对象,仍以 <code>DummyObject</code> 为例:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">/// 空对象
pub struct DummyObject {
// 其中必须包含一个名为 `base` 的 `KObjectBase`
base: KObjectBase,
}
// 使用刚才的宏,声明其为内核对象,自动生成必要的代码
impl_kobject!(DummyObject);
impl DummyObject {
/// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
pub fn new() -&gt; Arc&lt;Self&gt; {
Arc::new(DummyObject {
base: KObjectBase::default(),
})
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>是不是方便了很多?最后按照惯例,用单元测试检验实现的正确性:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[test]
fn impl_kobject() {
use alloc::format;
let dummy = DummyObject::new();
let object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt; = dummy;
assert_eq!(object.type_name(), &quot;DummyObject&quot;);
assert_eq!(object.name(), &quot;&quot;);
object.set_name(&quot;dummy&quot;);
assert_eq!(object.name(), &quot;dummy&quot;);
assert_eq!(
format!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, object),
format!(&quot;DummyObject({}, \&quot;dummy\&quot;)&quot;, object.id())
);
let _result: Arc&lt;DummyObject&gt; = object.downcast_arc::&lt;DummyObject&gt;().unwrap();
}
</code></pre>
<p>有兴趣的读者可以继续探索使用功能更强大的 <strong>过程宏proc_macro</strong>,进一步简化实现新内核对象所需的模板代码。
如果能把上面的代码块缩小成下面这两行,就更加完美了:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[KernelObject]
pub struct DummyObject;
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#总结" id="总结">总结</a></h2>
<p>在这一节中我们用 Rust 语言实现了 Zircon 最核心的<strong>内核对象</strong>概念。在此过程中涉及到 Rust 的一系列语言特性和设计模式:</p>
<ul>
<li>使用 <strong>trait</strong> 实现接口</li>
<li>使用 <strong>内部可变性</strong> 模式实现并发对象</li>
<li>基于社区解决方案实现 trait 到 struct 的 <strong>向下转换</strong></li>
<li>使用组合模拟继承,并使用 <strong></strong> 实现模板代码的自动生成</li>
</ul>
<p>由于 Rust 独特的<a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch17-00-oop.html">面向对象编程特性</a>,我们在实现内核对象的过程中遇到了一定的挑战。
不过万事开头难,解决这些问题为整个项目打下了坚实基础,后面实现新的内核对象就会变得简单很多。</p>
<p>在下一节中,我们将介绍内核对象相关的另外两个概念:句柄和权限,并实现内核对象的存储和访问。</p>
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clipboard.min.js vendored

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/* CSS for UI elements (a.k.a. chrome) */
@import 'variables.css';
::-webkit-scrollbar {
background: var(--bg);
}
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: var(--scrollbar);
}
html {
scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) var(--bg);
}
#searchresults a,
.content a:link,
a:visited,
a > .hljs {
color: var(--links);
}
/* Menu Bar */
#menu-bar,
#menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
z-index: 101;
margin: auto calc(0px - var(--page-padding));
}
#menu-bar {
position: relative;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
background-color: var(--bg);
border-bottom-color: var(--bg);
border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-style: solid;
}
#menu-bar.sticky,
.js #menu-bar-hover-placeholder:hover + #menu-bar,
.js #menu-bar:hover,
.js.sidebar-visible #menu-bar {
position: -webkit-sticky;
position: sticky;
top: 0 !important;
}
#menu-bar-hover-placeholder {
position: sticky;
position: -webkit-sticky;
top: 0;
height: var(--menu-bar-height);
}
#menu-bar.bordered {
border-bottom-color: var(--table-border-color);
}
#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
position: relative;
padding: 0 8px;
z-index: 10;
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
cursor: pointer;
transition: color 0.5s;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 420px) {
#menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button {
padding: 0 5px;
}
}
.icon-button {
border: none;
background: none;
padding: 0;
color: inherit;
}
.icon-button i {
margin: 0;
}
.right-buttons {
margin: 0 15px;
}
.right-buttons a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.left-buttons {
display: flex;
margin: 0 5px;
}
.no-js .left-buttons {
display: none;
}
.menu-title {
display: inline-block;
font-weight: 200;
font-size: 2rem;
line-height: var(--menu-bar-height);
text-align: center;
margin: 0;
flex: 1;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
.js .menu-title {
cursor: pointer;
}
.menu-bar,
.menu-bar:visited,
.nav-chapters,
.nav-chapters:visited,
.mobile-nav-chapters,
.mobile-nav-chapters:visited,
.menu-bar .icon-button,
.menu-bar a i {
color: var(--icons);
}
.menu-bar i:hover,
.menu-bar .icon-button:hover,
.nav-chapters:hover,
.mobile-nav-chapters i:hover {
color: var(--icons-hover);
}
/* Nav Icons */
.nav-chapters {
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
position: fixed;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
margin: 0;
max-width: 150px;
min-width: 90px;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s;
}
.nav-chapters:hover {
text-decoration: none;
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
}
.nav-wrapper {
margin-top: 50px;
display: none;
}
.mobile-nav-chapters {
font-size: 2.5em;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
width: 90px;
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
}
.previous {
float: left;
}
.next {
float: right;
right: var(--page-padding);
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1080px) {
.nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
.nav-wrapper { display: block; }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 1380px) {
.sidebar-visible .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; }
.sidebar-visible .nav-wrapper { display: block; }
}
/* Inline code */
:not(pre) > .hljs {
display: inline;
padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
border-radius: 3px;
}
:not(pre):not(a) > .hljs {
color: var(--inline-code-color);
overflow-x: initial;
}
a:hover > .hljs {
text-decoration: underline;
}
pre {
position: relative;
}
pre > .buttons {
position: absolute;
z-index: 100;
right: 5px;
top: 5px;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
cursor: pointer;
}
pre > .buttons :hover {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
pre > .buttons i {
margin-left: 8px;
}
pre > .buttons button {
color: inherit;
background: transparent;
border: none;
cursor: inherit;
}
pre > .result {
margin-top: 10px;
}
/* Search */
#searchresults a {
text-decoration: none;
}
mark {
border-radius: 2px;
padding: 0 3px 1px 3px;
margin: 0 -3px -1px -3px;
background-color: var(--search-mark-bg);
transition: background-color 300ms linear;
cursor: pointer;
}
mark.fade-out {
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0) !important;
cursor: auto;
}
.searchbar-outer {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
}
#searchbar {
width: 100%;
margin: 5px auto 0px auto;
padding: 10px 16px;
transition: box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out;
border: 1px solid var(--searchbar-border-color);
border-radius: 3px;
background-color: var(--searchbar-bg);
color: var(--searchbar-fg);
}
#searchbar:focus,
#searchbar.active {
box-shadow: 0 0 3px var(--searchbar-shadow-color);
}
.searchresults-header {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1em;
padding: 18px 0 0 5px;
color: var(--searchresults-header-fg);
}
.searchresults-outer {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--searchresults-border-color);
}
ul#searchresults {
list-style: none;
padding-left: 20px;
}
ul#searchresults li {
margin: 10px 0px;
padding: 2px;
border-radius: 2px;
}
ul#searchresults li.focus {
background-color: var(--searchresults-li-bg);
}
ul#searchresults span.teaser {
display: block;
clear: both;
margin: 5px 0 0 20px;
font-size: 0.8em;
}
ul#searchresults span.teaser em {
font-weight: bold;
font-style: normal;
}
/* Sidebar */
.sidebar {
position: fixed;
left: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
width: var(--sidebar-width);
font-size: 0.875em;
box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
background-color: var(--sidebar-bg);
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
}
.sidebar-resizing {
-moz-user-select: none;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .sidebar {
transition: transform 0.3s; /* Animation: slide away */
}
.sidebar code {
line-height: 2em;
}
.sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox {
overflow-y: auto;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
padding: 10px 10px;
}
.sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
position: absolute;
cursor: col-resize;
width: 0;
right: 0;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
}
.js .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle {
cursor: col-resize;
width: 5px;
}
.sidebar-hidden .sidebar {
transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width)));
}
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {
background: var(--sidebar-bg);
}
.sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
background: var(--scrollbar);
}
.sidebar-visible .page-wrapper {
transform: translateX(var(--sidebar-width));
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
.sidebar-visible .page-wrapper {
transform: none;
margin-left: var(--sidebar-width);
}
}
.chapter {
list-style: none outside none;
padding-left: 0;
line-height: 2.2em;
}
.chapter ol {
width: 100%;
}
.chapter li {
display: flex;
color: var(--sidebar-non-existant);
}
.chapter li a {
display: block;
padding: 0;
text-decoration: none;
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
}
.chapter li a:hover {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
.chapter li a.active {
color: var(--sidebar-active);
}
.chapter li > a.toggle {
cursor: pointer;
display: block;
margin-left: auto;
padding: 0 10px;
user-select: none;
opacity: 0.68;
}
.chapter li > a.toggle div {
transition: transform 0.5s;
}
/* collapse the section */
.chapter li:not(.expanded) + li > ol {
display: none;
}
.chapter li.chapter-item {
line-height: 1.5em;
margin-top: 0.6em;
}
.chapter li.expanded > a.toggle div {
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
.spacer {
width: 100%;
height: 3px;
margin: 5px 0px;
}
.chapter .spacer {
background-color: var(--sidebar-spacer);
}
@media (-moz-touch-enabled: 1), (pointer: coarse) {
.chapter li a { padding: 5px 0; }
.spacer { margin: 10px 0; }
}
.section {
list-style: none outside none;
padding-left: 20px;
line-height: 1.9em;
}
/* Theme Menu Popup */
.theme-popup {
position: absolute;
left: 10px;
top: var(--menu-bar-height);
z-index: 1000;
border-radius: 4px;
font-size: 0.7em;
color: var(--fg);
background: var(--theme-popup-bg);
border: 1px solid var(--theme-popup-border);
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
display: none;
}
.theme-popup .default {
color: var(--icons);
}
.theme-popup .theme {
width: 100%;
border: 0;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px 10px;
line-height: 25px;
white-space: nowrap;
text-align: left;
cursor: pointer;
color: inherit;
background: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
}
.theme-popup .theme:hover {
background-color: var(--theme-hover);
}
.theme-popup .theme:hover:first-child,
.theme-popup .theme:hover:last-child {
border-top-left-radius: inherit;
border-top-right-radius: inherit;
}

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/* Base styles and content styles */
@import 'variables.css';
:root {
/* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */
font-size: 62.5%;
}
html {
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
color: var(--fg);
background-color: var(--bg);
text-size-adjust: none;
}
body {
margin: 0;
font-size: 1.6rem;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
code {
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace !important;
font-size: 0.875em; /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */
}
/* Don't change font size in headers. */
h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
font-size: unset;
}
.left { float: left; }
.right { float: right; }
.boring { opacity: 0.6; }
.hide-boring .boring { display: none; }
.hidden { display: none !important; }
h2, h3 { margin-top: 2.5em; }
h4, h5 { margin-top: 2em; }
.header + .header h3,
.header + .header h4,
.header + .header h5 {
margin-top: 1em;
}
h1 a.header:target::before,
h2 a.header:target::before,
h3 a.header:target::before,
h4 a.header:target::before {
display: inline-block;
content: "»";
margin-left: -30px;
width: 30px;
}
h1 a.header:target,
h2 a.header:target,
h3 a.header:target,
h4 a.header:target {
scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em);
}
.page {
outline: 0;
padding: 0 var(--page-padding);
margin-top: calc(0px - var(--menu-bar-height)); /* Compensate for the #menu-bar-hover-placeholder */
}
.page-wrapper {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper {
transition: margin-left 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */
}
.content {
overflow-y: auto;
padding: 0 15px;
padding-bottom: 50px;
}
.content main {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
max-width: var(--content-max-width);
}
.content p { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content ol { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content ul { line-height: 1.45em; }
.content a { text-decoration: none; }
.content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.content img { max-width: 100%; }
.content .header:link,
.content .header:visited {
color: var(--fg);
}
.content .header:link,
.content .header:visited:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
table {
margin: 0 auto;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table td {
padding: 3px 20px;
border: 1px var(--table-border-color) solid;
}
table thead {
background: var(--table-header-bg);
}
table thead td {
font-weight: 700;
border: none;
}
table thead th {
padding: 3px 20px;
}
table thead tr {
border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid;
}
/* Alternate background colors for rows */
table tbody tr:nth-child(2n) {
background: var(--table-alternate-bg);
}
blockquote {
margin: 20px 0;
padding: 0 20px;
color: var(--fg);
background-color: var(--quote-bg);
border-top: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
border-bottom: .1em solid var(--quote-border);
}
:not(.footnote-definition) + .footnote-definition,
.footnote-definition + :not(.footnote-definition) {
margin-top: 2em;
}
.footnote-definition {
font-size: 0.9em;
margin: 0.5em 0;
}
.footnote-definition p {
display: inline;
}
.tooltiptext {
position: absolute;
visibility: hidden;
color: #fff;
background-color: #333;
transform: translateX(-50%); /* Center by moving tooltip 50% of its width left */
left: -8px; /* Half of the width of the icon */
top: -35px;
font-size: 0.8em;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 8px;
margin: 5px;
z-index: 1000;
}
.tooltipped .tooltiptext {
visibility: visible;
}
.chapter li.part-title {
color: var(--sidebar-fg);
margin: 5px 0px;
font-weight: bold;
}

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#sidebar,
#menu-bar,
.nav-chapters,
.mobile-nav-chapters {
display: none;
}
#page-wrapper.page-wrapper {
transform: none;
margin-left: 0px;
overflow-y: initial;
}
#content {
max-width: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.page {
overflow-y: initial;
}
code {
background-color: #666666;
border-radius: 5px;
/* Force background to be printed in Chrome */
-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;
}
pre > .buttons {
z-index: 2;
}
a, a:visited, a:active, a:hover {
color: #4183c4;
text-decoration: none;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
page-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-after: avoid;
}
pre, code {
page-break-inside: avoid;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
.fa {
display: none !important;
}

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/* Globals */
:root {
--sidebar-width: 300px;
--page-padding: 15px;
--content-max-width: 750px;
--menu-bar-height: 50px;
}
/* Themes */
.ayu {
--bg: hsl(210, 25%, 8%);
--fg: #c5c5c5;
--sidebar-bg: #14191f;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #5c6773;
--sidebar-active: #ffb454;
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
--links: #0096cf;
--inline-code-color: #ffb454;
--theme-popup-bg: #14191f;
--theme-popup-border: #5c6773;
--theme-hover: #191f26;
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
--table-border-color: hsl(210, 25%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #848484;
--searchbar-bg: #424242;
--searchbar-fg: #fff;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #d4c89f;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #252932;
--search-mark-bg: #e3b171;
}
.coal {
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
--fg: #98a3ad;
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #43484d;
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
}
.light {
--bg: hsl(0, 0%, 100%);
--fg: #333333;
--sidebar-bg: #fafafa;
--sidebar-fg: #364149;
--sidebar-non-existant: #aaaaaa;
--sidebar-active: #008cff;
--sidebar-spacer: #f4f4f4;
--scrollbar: #cccccc;
--icons: #cccccc;
--icons-hover: #333333;
--links: #4183c4;
--inline-code-color: #6e6b5e;
--theme-popup-bg: #fafafa;
--theme-popup-border: #cccccc;
--theme-hover: #e6e6e6;
--quote-bg: hsl(197, 37%, 96%);
--quote-border: hsl(197, 37%, 91%);
--table-border-color: hsl(0, 0%, 95%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 80%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 97%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #e4f2fe;
--search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
}
.navy {
--bg: hsl(226, 23%, 11%);
--fg: #bcbdd0;
--sidebar-bg: #282d3f;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505274;
--sidebar-active: #2b79a2;
--sidebar-spacer: #2d334f;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #b7b9cc;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
--theme-popup-bg: #161923;
--theme-popup-border: #737480;
--theme-hover: #282e40;
--quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%);
--quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%);
--table-border-color: hsl(226, 23%, 16%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 31%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 14%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #aeaec6;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #5f5f71;
--searchresults-border-color: #5c5c68;
--searchresults-li-bg: #242430;
--search-mark-bg: #a2cff5;
}
.rust {
--bg: hsl(60, 9%, 87%);
--fg: #262625;
--sidebar-bg: #3b2e2a;
--sidebar-fg: #c8c9db;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
--sidebar-active: #e69f67;
--sidebar-spacer: #45373a;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #737480;
--icons-hover: #262625;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #6e6b5e;
--theme-popup-bg: #e1e1db;
--theme-popup-border: #b38f6b;
--theme-hover: #99908a;
--quote-bg: hsl(60, 5%, 75%);
--quote-border: hsl(60, 5%, 70%);
--table-border-color: hsl(60, 9%, 82%);
--table-header-bg: #b3a497;
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(60, 9%, 84%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #fafafa;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #888;
--searchresults-li-bg: #dec2a2;
--search-mark-bg: #e69f67;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
.light.no-js {
--bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%);
--fg: #98a3ad;
--sidebar-bg: #292c2f;
--sidebar-fg: #a1adb8;
--sidebar-non-existant: #505254;
--sidebar-active: #3473ad;
--sidebar-spacer: #393939;
--scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg);
--icons: #43484d;
--icons-hover: #b3c0cc;
--links: #2b79a2;
--inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;;
--theme-popup-bg: #141617;
--theme-popup-border: #43484d;
--theme-hover: #1f2124;
--quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%);
--quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%);
--table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%);
--table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%);
--table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%);
--searchbar-border-color: #aaa;
--searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7;
--searchbar-fg: #000;
--searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa;
--searchresults-header-fg: #666;
--searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad;
--searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f;
--search-mark-bg: #355c7d;
}
}

10
elasticlunr.min.js vendored

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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 199.7 184.2">
<style>
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
svg { fill: white; }
}
</style>
<path d="M189.5,36.8c0.2,2.8,0,5.1-0.6,6.8L153,162c-0.6,2.1-2,3.7-4.2,5c-2.2,1.2-4.4,1.9-6.7,1.9H31.4c-9.6,0-15.3-2.8-17.3-8.4
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@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
/* Open Sans is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 */
/* Source Code Pro is under the Open Font License. See https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL */
/* open-sans-300 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
src: local('Open Sans Light'), local('OpenSans-Light'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-300italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
src: local('Open Sans Light Italic'), local('OpenSans-LightItalic'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300italic.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-regular - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
src: local('Open Sans Regular'), local('OpenSans-Regular'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-regular.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
src: local('Open Sans Italic'), local('OpenSans-Italic'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-italic.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-600 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
src: local('Open Sans SemiBold'), local('OpenSans-SemiBold'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-600.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-600italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 600;
src: local('Open Sans SemiBold Italic'), local('OpenSans-SemiBoldItalic'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-600italic.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-700 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
src: local('Open Sans Bold'), local('OpenSans-Bold'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-700.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-700italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
src: local('Open Sans Bold Italic'), local('OpenSans-BoldItalic'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-700italic.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-800 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 800;
src: local('Open Sans ExtraBold'), local('OpenSans-ExtraBold'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-800.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* open-sans-800italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Open Sans';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 800;
src: local('Open Sans ExtraBold Italic'), local('OpenSans-ExtraBoldItalic'),
url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-800italic.woff2') format('woff2');
}
/* source-code-pro-500 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Source Code Pro';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
src: local('Source Code Pro Medium'), local('SourceCodePro-Medium'),
url('source-code-pro-v11-all-charsets-500.woff2') format('woff2');
}

@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
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<h1><a class="header" href="#简明-zcore-教程" id="简明-zcore-教程">简明 zCore 教程</a></h1>
<h2><a class="header" href="#自己动手山寨操作系统自顶向下方法" id="自己动手山寨操作系统自顶向下方法">自己动手山寨操作系统:自顶向下方法</a></h2>
<p>zCore 是用 Rust 语言重写的 Zircon 微内核,它是 Google 正在开发的 Fuchsia OS 中的底层内核。</p>
<p>本教程基于 zCore 的真实开发历史,还原其开发过程。带领读者一步一步用 Rust 实现自己的 Zircon 内核,最终能够运行原生的 shell 程序。
在此过程中我们将体会 Zircon 微内核的设计理念,感受如何用 Rust 语言以一种现代的方式编写系统软件,在项目中实现理论与实践的融合。</p>
<p>与传统操作系统开发不同的是zCore 使用一种自顶向下的方法:首先基于宿主系统已有的功能,在用户态实现一个能够工作的 libOS然后再逐步替换底层实现
&quot;移植&quot;回裸机环境中运行。因此我们更关注系统的整体设计,从高层视角看待 OS 如何为用户提供服务,而不纠结于底层硬件细节。</p>
<p>鉴于此,本教程假设读者了解操作系统基本概念和原理,具有常用的 Linux 系统使用经验,并且会使用 Rust 语言编写简单程序。
如果读者不熟悉操作系统和 Rust 语言,希望以自底向上方法从零构建操作系统,<a href="https://rcore-os.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-deploy/">rCore Tutorial</a> 可能是更好的选择。</p>
<p>如果你准备好了,让我们开始吧!</p>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="index.html">简明 zCore 教程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zcore-intro.html">zCore 整体结构和设计模式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="fuchsia.html">Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-00-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 内核对象</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-01-kernel-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 初识内核对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-02-process-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 对象管理器Process 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch01-03-channel-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 对象传送器Channel 对象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-00-task.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 任务管理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-01-zircon-task.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Zircon 任务管理体系</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-02-hal-async.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 硬件抽象层与异步运行时</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-03-thread-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 线程管理Thread 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch02-04-process-job-object.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 进程管理Process 与 Job 对象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-00-memory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 内存管理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-01-zircon-memory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Zircon 内存管理模型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-02-vmo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 物理内存VMO 对象</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch03-03-vmar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 虚拟内存VMAR 对象</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-00-userspace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 用户程序</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-01-user-program.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Zircon 用户程序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-02-load-elf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 加载 ELF 文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-03-context-switch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> 上下文切换</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="ch04-04-syscall.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 系统调用</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#简明-zcore-教程" id="简明-zcore-教程">简明 zCore 教程</a></h1>
<h2><a class="header" href="#自己动手山寨操作系统自顶向下方法" id="自己动手山寨操作系统自顶向下方法">自己动手山寨操作系统:自顶向下方法</a></h2>
<p>zCore 是用 Rust 语言重写的 Zircon 微内核,它是 Google 正在开发的 Fuchsia OS 中的底层内核。</p>
<p>本教程基于 zCore 的真实开发历史,还原其开发过程。带领读者一步一步用 Rust 实现自己的 Zircon 内核,最终能够运行原生的 shell 程序。
在此过程中我们将体会 Zircon 微内核的设计理念,感受如何用 Rust 语言以一种现代的方式编写系统软件,在项目中实现理论与实践的融合。</p>
<p>与传统操作系统开发不同的是zCore 使用一种自顶向下的方法:首先基于宿主系统已有的功能,在用户态实现一个能够工作的 libOS然后再逐步替换底层实现
&quot;移植&quot;回裸机环境中运行。因此我们更关注系统的整体设计,从高层视角看待 OS 如何为用户提供服务,而不纠结于底层硬件细节。</p>
<p>鉴于此,本教程假设读者了解操作系统基本概念和原理,具有常用的 Linux 系统使用经验,并且会使用 Rust 语言编写简单程序。
如果读者不熟悉操作系统和 Rust 语言,希望以自底向上方法从零构建操作系统,<a href="https://rcore-os.github.io/rCore-Tutorial-deploy/">rCore Tutorial</a> 可能是更好的选择。</p>
<p>如果你准备好了,让我们开始吧!</p>
<h1><a class="header" href="#zcore-整体结构和设计模式" id="zcore-整体结构和设计模式">zCore 整体结构和设计模式</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#fuchsia-os-和-zircon-微内核" id="fuchsia-os-和-zircon-微内核">Fuchsia OS 和 Zircon 微内核</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#内核对象" id="内核对象">内核对象</a></h1>
<p>Zircon 是一个基于内核对象的系统。系统的功能被划分到若干组内核对象中。</p>
<p>作为一切的开始,本章首先构造了一个内核对象框架,作为后面实现的基础。
然后我们实现第一个内核对象 —— <code>Process</code>,它是所有对象的容器,也是将来我们操作对象的入口点。
最后会实现一个稍微复杂但是极其重要的对象 <code>Channel</code>,它是进程间通信(<em>IPC</em>)的基础设施,也是传送对象的唯一管道。</p>
<h1><a class="header" href="#初识内核对象" id="初识内核对象">初识内核对象</a></h1>
<h2><a class="header" href="#内核对象简介" id="内核对象简介">内核对象简介</a></h2>
<p>TODO</p>
<p>详细内容可参考 Fuchsia 官方文档:<a href="https://github.com/zhangpf/fuchsia-docs-zh-CN/blob/master/zircon/docs/objects.md">内核对象</a></p>
<p>在这一节中我们将在 Rust 中实现内核对象的概念。</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#建立项目" id="建立项目">建立项目</a></h2>
<p>首先我们需要安装 Rust 工具链。在 Linux 或 macOS 系统下,只需要用一个命令下载安装 rustup 即可:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
</code></pre>
<p>具体安装方法可以参考<a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch01-01-installation.html">官方文档</a></p>
<p>接下来我们用 cargo 创建一个 Rust 库项目:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo new --lib zcore
$ cd zcore
</code></pre>
<p>我们将在这个 crate 中实现所有的内核对象以库lib而不是可执行文件bin的形式组织代码后面我们会依赖单元测试保证代码的正确性。</p>
<p>由于我们会用到一些不稳定unstable的语言特性需要使用 nightly 版本的工具链。在项目根目录下创建一个 <code>rust-toolchain</code> 文件,指明使用的工具链版本:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">nightly-2020-06-04
</code></pre>
<p>这个程序库目前是在你的 Linux 或 macOS 上运行,但有朝一日它会成为一个真正的 OS 在裸机上运行。
为此我们需要移除对标准库的依赖,使其成为一个不依赖当前 OS 功能的库。在 <code>lib.rs</code> 的第一行添加声明:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#![no_std]
extern crate alloc;
</code></pre>
<p>现在我们可以尝试运行一下自带的单元测试,编译器可能会自动下载并安装工具链:</p>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.52s
Running target/debug/deps/zcore-dc6d43637bc5df7a
running 1 test
test tests::it_works ... ok
test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现-kernelobject-接口" id="实现-kernelobject-接口">实现 KernelObject 接口</a></h2>
<p>所有的内核对象有一系列共同的属性和方法,我们称这些方法为对象的公共<strong>接口Interface</strong>
同一种方法在不同类型的对象中可能会有不同的行为,在面向对象语言中我们称其为<strong>多态Polymorphism</strong></p>
<p>Rust 是一门部分面向对象的语言,我们通常用它的 trait 实现接口和多态。</p>
<p>首先创建一个 <code>KernelObject</code> trait 作为内核对象的公共接口:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>/// 内核对象公共接口
pub trait KernelObject: Send + Sync {
/// 获取对象 ID
fn id(&amp;self) -&gt; KoID;
/// 获取对象类型名
fn type_name(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;str;
/// 获取对象名称
fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; String;
/// 设置对象名称
fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str);
}
/// 对象 ID 类型
pub type KoID = u64;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这里的 <a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html"><code>Send + Sync</code></a> 是一个约束所有 <code>KernelObject</code> 都要满足的前提条件,即它必须是一个<strong>并发对象</strong>
所谓并发对象指的是<strong>可以安全地被多线程共享访问</strong>。事实上我们的内核本身就是一个共享地址空间的多线程程序,在裸机上每个 CPU 核都可以被视为一个并发执行的线程。
由于内核对象可能被多个线程同时访问,因此它必须是并发对象。</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现一个空对象" id="实现一个空对象">实现一个空对象</a></h2>
<p>接下来我们实现一个最简单的空对象 <code>DummyObject</code>,并为它实现 <code>KernelObject</code> 接口:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">use spin::Mutex;
/// 空对象
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DummyObject {
id: KoID,
inner: Mutex&lt;DummyObjectInner&gt;,
}
/// `DummyObject` 的内部可变部分
#[derive(Default, Debug)]
struct DummyObjectInner {
name: String,
}
</code></pre>
<p>这里我们采用一种<a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch15-05-interior-mutability.html"><strong>内部可变性</strong></a>的设计模式:将对象的所有可变的部分封装到一个内部对象 <code>DummyObjectInner</code> 中,并在原对象中用自旋锁 <a href="https://docs.rs/spin/0.5.2/spin/struct.Mutex.html"><code>Mutex</code></a> 把它包起来,剩下的其它字段都是不可变的。
<code>Mutex</code> 会用最简单的方式帮我们处理好并发访问问题:如果有其他人正在访问,我就在这里死等。
数据被 <code>Mutex</code> 包起来之后需要首先使用 <a href="https://docs.rs/spin/0.5.2/spin/struct.Mutex.html#method.lock"><code>lock()</code></a> 拿到锁之后才能访问。此时并发访问已经安全,因此被包起来的结构自动具有了 <code>Send + Sync</code> 特性。</p>
<p>使用自旋锁引入了新的依赖库 <a href="https://docs.rs/spin/0.5.2/spin/index.html"><code>spin</code></a> ,需要在 <code>Cargo.toml</code> 中加入以下声明:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
spin = &quot;0.5&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>然后我们为新对象实现构造函数:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">use alloc::sync::Arc;
use core::sync::atomic::*;
impl DummyObject {
/// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
pub fn new() -&gt; Arc&lt;Self&gt; {
Arc::new(DummyObject {
id: Self::new_koid(),
inner: Default::default(),
})
}
/// 生成一个唯一的 ID
fn new_koid() -&gt; KoID {
static NEXT_KOID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1024);
NEXT_KOID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>根据文档描述,每个内核对象都有唯一的 ID。为此我们需要实现一个全局的 ID 分配方法。这里采用的方法是用一个静态变量存放下一个待分配 ID 值,每次分配就原子地 +1。
ID 类型使用 <code>u64</code>,保证了数值空间足够大,在有生之年都不用担心溢出问题。在 Zircon 中 ID 从 1024 开始分配1024 以下保留作内核内部使用。</p>
<p>另外注意这里 <code>new</code> 函数返回类型不是 <code>Self</code> 而是 <code>Arc&lt;Self&gt;</code>,这是为了以后方便而做的统一约定。</p>
<p>最后我们为它实现 <code>KernelObject</code> 接口:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">impl KernelObject for DummyObject {
fn id(&amp;self) -&gt; KoID {
self.id
}
fn type_name(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;str {
&quot;DummyObject&quot;
}
fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; String {
self.inner.lock().name.clone()
}
fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str) {
self.inner.lock().name = String::from(name);
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>到此为止,我们已经迈出了万里长征第一步,实现了一个最简单的功能。有实现,就要有测试!即使最简单的代码也要保证它的行为符合我们预期。
只有对现有代码进行充分测试,在未来做添加和修改的时候,我们才有信心不会把事情搞砸。俗话讲&quot;万丈高楼平地起&quot;,把地基打好才能盖摩天大楼。</p>
<p>为了证明上面代码的正确性,我们写一个简单的单元测试,替换掉自带的 <code>it_works</code> 函数:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn dummy_object() {
let o1 = DummyObject::new();
let o2 = DummyObject::new();
assert_ne!(o1.id(), o2.id());
assert_eq!(o1.type_name(), &quot;DummyObject&quot;);
assert_eq!(o1.name(), &quot;&quot;);
o1.set_name(&quot;object1&quot;);
assert_eq!(o1.name(), &quot;object1&quot;);
}
}
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.53s
Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
running 1 test
test tests::dummy_object ... ok
</code></pre>
<p>大功告成!让我们用 <code>cargo fmt</code> 命令格式化一下代码,然后记得 <code>git commit</code> 及时保存进展。</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现接口到具体类型的向下转换" id="实现接口到具体类型的向下转换">实现接口到具体类型的向下转换</a></h2>
<p>在系统调用中,用户进程会传入一个内核对象的句柄,然后内核会根据系统调用的类型,尝试将其转换成特定类型的对象。
于是这里产生了一个很重要的需求:将接口 <code>Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt;</code> 转换成具体类型的结构 <code>Arc&lt;T&gt; where T: KernelObject</code>
这种操作在面向对象语言中称为<strong>向下转换downcast</strong></p>
<p>在大部分编程语言中,向下转换都是一件非常轻松的事情。例如在 C/C++ 中,我们可以这样写:</p>
<pre><code class="language-c++">struct KernelObject {...};
struct DummyObject: KernelObject {...};
KernelObject *base = ...;
// C 风格:强制类型转换
DummyObject *dummy = (DummyObject*)(base);
// C++ 风格:动态类型转换
DummyObject *dummy = dynamic_cast&lt;DummyObject*&gt;(base);
</code></pre>
<p>但在 Rust 中,由于其 trait 模型的限制,向下转换并不是一件容易的事情。
虽然标准库中提供了 <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/"><code>Any</code></a> trait部分实现了动态类型的功能但实际操作起来却困难重重。
不信邪的同学可以自己折腾一下:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust editable">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span><span class="boring">use std::any::Any;
</span><span class="boring">use std::sync::Arc;
</span>trait KernelObject: Any + Send + Sync {}
fn downcast_v1&lt;T: KernelObject&gt;(object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt;) -&gt; Arc&lt;T&gt; {
object.downcast::&lt;T&gt;().unwrap()
}
fn downcast_v2&lt;T: KernelObject&gt;(object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt;) -&gt; Arc&lt;T&gt; {
let object: Arc&lt;dyn Any + Send + Sync + 'static&gt; = object;
object.downcast::&lt;T&gt;().unwrap()
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>当然这个问题也困扰了 Rust 社区中的很多人。目前已经有人提出了一套不错的解决方案,就是我们接下来要引入的 <a href="https://docs.rs/downcast-rs/1.2.0/downcast_rs/index.html"><code>downcast-rs</code></a> 库:</p>
<pre><code class="language-toml">[dependencies]
downcast-rs = { version = &quot;1.2.0&quot;, default-features = false }
</code></pre>
<p>(题外话:这个库原来是不支持 no_std 的zCore 有这个需求,于是就顺便帮他实现了一把)</p>
<p>按照它文档的描述,我们要为自己的接口实现向下转换,只需以下修改:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">use core::fmt::Debug;
use downcast_rs::{impl_downcast, DowncastSync};
pub trait KernelObject: DowncastSync + Debug {...}
impl_downcast!(sync KernelObject);
</code></pre>
<p>其中 <code>DowncastSync</code> 代替了原来的 <code>Send + Sync</code><code>Debug</code> 用于出错时输出调试信息。
<code>impl_downcast!</code> 宏用来帮我们自动生成转换函数,然后就可以用 <code>downcast_arc</code> 来对 <code>Arc</code> 做向下转换了。我们直接来测试一把:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[test]
fn downcast() {
let dummy = DummyObject::new();
let object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt; = dummy;
let _result: Arc&lt;DummyObject&gt; = object.downcast_arc::&lt;DummyObject&gt;().unwrap();
}
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-sh">$ cargo test
Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.47s
Running target/debug/deps/zcore-ae1be84852989b13
running 2 tests
test object::downcast ... ok
test object::tests::dummy_object ... ok
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#模拟继承用宏自动生成接口实现代码" id="模拟继承用宏自动生成接口实现代码">模拟继承:用宏自动生成接口实现代码</a></h2>
<p>上面我们已经完整实现了一个内核对象,代码看起来很简洁。但当我们要实现更多对象的时候,就会发现一个问题:
这些对象拥有一些公共属性,接口方法也有共同的实现。
在传统 OOP 语言中,我们通常使用 <strong>继承inheritance</strong> 来复用这些公共代码:子类 B 可以继承父类 A然后自动拥有父类的所有字段和方法。</p>
<p>继承是一个很强大的功能,但在长期实践中人们也逐渐发现了它的弊端。有兴趣的读者可以看一看知乎上的探讨:<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/20275578/answer/26577791"><em>面向对象编程的弊端是什么?</em></a>
经典著作《设计模式》中就鼓励大家<strong>使用组合代替继承</strong>。而一些现代的编程语言,如 Go 和 Rust甚至直接抛弃了继承。在 Rust 中,通常使用组合结构和 <a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch15-02-deref.html"><code>Deref</code></a> trait 来部分模拟继承。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>继承野蛮trait 文明。 —— 某 Rust 爱好者</p>
</blockquote>
<p>接下来我们模仿 <code>downcast-rs</code> 库的做法,使用一种基于宏的代码生成方案,来实现 <code>KernelObject</code> 的继承。
当然这只是抛砖引玉,如果读者自己实现了,或者了解到社区中有更好的解决方案,也欢迎指出。</p>
<p>具体做法是这样的:</p>
<ul>
<li>使用一个 struct 来提供所有的公共属性和方法,作为所有子类的第一个成员。</li>
<li>为子类实现 trait 接口,所有方法直接委托给内部 struct 完成。这部分使用宏来自动生成模板代码。</li>
</ul>
<p>而所谓的内部 struct其实就是我们上面实现的 <code>DummyObject</code>。为了更好地体现它的功能,我们给他改个名叫 <code>KObjectBase</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">/// 内核对象核心结构
pub struct KObjectBase {
/// 对象 ID
pub id: KoID,
inner: Mutex&lt;KObjectBaseInner&gt;,
}
/// `KObjectBase` 的内部可变部分
#[derive(Default)]
struct KObjectBaseInner {
name: String,
}
</code></pre>
<p>接下来我们把它的构造函数改为实现 <code>Default</code> trait并且公共属性和方法都指定为 <code>pub</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">impl Default for KObjectBase {
/// 创建一个新 `KObjectBase`
fn default() -&gt; Self {
KObjectBase {
id: Self::new_koid(),
inner: Default::default(),
}
}
}
impl KObjectBase {
/// 生成一个唯一的 ID
fn new_koid() -&gt; KoID {...}
/// 获取对象名称
pub fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; String {...}
/// 设置对象名称
pub fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str) {...}
}
</code></pre>
<p>最后来写一个魔法的宏!</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">/// 为内核对象 struct 自动实现 `KernelObject` trait 的宏。
#[macro_export] // 导出宏,可在 crate 外部使用
macro_rules! impl_kobject {
// 匹配类型名,并可以提供函数覆盖默认实现
($class:ident $( $fn:tt )*) =&gt; {
// 为对象实现 KernelObject trait方法直接转发到内部 struct
impl KernelObject for $class {
fn id(&amp;self) -&gt; KoID {
// 直接访问内部的 pub 属性
self.base.id
}
fn type_name(&amp;self) -&gt; &amp;str {
// 用 stringify! 宏将输入转成字符串
stringify!($class)
}
// 注意宏里面的类型要写完整路径例如alloc::string::String
fn name(&amp;self) -&gt; alloc::string::String {
self.base.name()
}
fn set_name(&amp;self, name: &amp;str){
// 直接访问内部的 pub 方法
self.base.set_name(name)
}
// 可以传入任意数量的函数,覆盖 trait 的默认实现
$( $fn )*
}
// 为对象实现 Debug trait
impl core::fmt::Debug for $class {
fn fmt(
&amp;self,
f: &amp;mut core::fmt::Formatter&lt;'_&gt;,
) -&gt; core::result::Result&lt;(), core::fmt::Error&gt; {
// 输出对象类型、ID 和名称
f.debug_tuple(&amp;stringify!($class))
.field(&amp;self.id())
.field(&amp;self.name())
.finish()
}
}
};
}
</code></pre>
<p>轮子已经造好了!让我们看看如何用它方便地实现一个内核对象,仍以 <code>DummyObject</code> 为例:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">/// 空对象
pub struct DummyObject {
// 其中必须包含一个名为 `base` 的 `KObjectBase`
base: KObjectBase,
}
// 使用刚才的宏,声明其为内核对象,自动生成必要的代码
impl_kobject!(DummyObject);
impl DummyObject {
/// 创建一个新 `DummyObject`
pub fn new() -&gt; Arc&lt;Self&gt; {
Arc::new(DummyObject {
base: KObjectBase::default(),
})
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>是不是方便了很多?最后按照惯例,用单元测试检验实现的正确性:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[test]
fn impl_kobject() {
use alloc::format;
let dummy = DummyObject::new();
let object: Arc&lt;dyn KernelObject&gt; = dummy;
assert_eq!(object.type_name(), &quot;DummyObject&quot;);
assert_eq!(object.name(), &quot;&quot;);
object.set_name(&quot;dummy&quot;);
assert_eq!(object.name(), &quot;dummy&quot;);
assert_eq!(
format!(&quot;{:?}&quot;, object),
format!(&quot;DummyObject({}, \&quot;dummy\&quot;)&quot;, object.id())
);
let _result: Arc&lt;DummyObject&gt; = object.downcast_arc::&lt;DummyObject&gt;().unwrap();
}
</code></pre>
<p>有兴趣的读者可以继续探索使用功能更强大的 <strong>过程宏proc_macro</strong>,进一步简化实现新内核对象所需的模板代码。
如果能把上面的代码块缩小成下面这两行,就更加完美了:</p>
<pre><code class="language-rust noplaypen">#[KernelObject]
pub struct DummyObject;
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#总结" id="总结">总结</a></h2>
<p>在这一节中我们用 Rust 语言实现了 Zircon 最核心的<strong>内核对象</strong>概念。在此过程中涉及到 Rust 的一系列语言特性和设计模式:</p>
<ul>
<li>使用 <strong>trait</strong> 实现接口</li>
<li>使用 <strong>内部可变性</strong> 模式实现并发对象</li>
<li>基于社区解决方案实现 trait 到 struct 的 <strong>向下转换</strong></li>
<li>使用组合模拟继承,并使用 <strong></strong> 实现模板代码的自动生成</li>
</ul>
<p>由于 Rust 独特的<a href="https://kaisery.github.io/trpl-zh-cn/ch17-00-oop.html">面向对象编程特性</a>,我们在实现内核对象的过程中遇到了一定的挑战。
不过万事开头难,解决这些问题为整个项目打下了坚实基础,后面实现新的内核对象就会变得简单很多。</p>
<p>在下一节中,我们将介绍内核对象相关的另外两个概念:句柄和权限,并实现内核对象的存储和访问。</p>
<h1><a class="header" href="#对象管理器process-对象" id="对象管理器process-对象">对象管理器Process 对象</a></h1>
<h2><a class="header" href="#句柄和权限" id="句柄和权限">句柄和权限</a></h2>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现第一个内核对象" id="实现第一个内核对象">实现第一个内核对象</a></h2>
<h2><a class="header" href="#存储内核对象句柄" id="存储内核对象句柄">存储内核对象句柄</a></h2>
<h2><a class="header" href="#根据句柄查找内核对象" id="根据句柄查找内核对象">根据句柄查找内核对象</a></h2>
<h1><a class="header" href="#对象传送器channel-对象" id="对象传送器channel-对象">对象传送器Channel 对象</a></h1>
<h2><a class="header" href="#创建一对内核对象" id="创建一对内核对象">创建一对内核对象</a></h2>
<h2><a class="header" href="#实现数据传输" id="实现数据传输">实现数据传输</a></h2>
<h1><a class="header" href="#任务管理" id="任务管理">任务管理</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#zircon-任务管理体系" id="zircon-任务管理体系">Zircon 任务管理体系</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#硬件抽象层与异步运行时" id="硬件抽象层与异步运行时">硬件抽象层与异步运行时</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#线程管理thread-对象" id="线程管理thread-对象">线程管理Thread 对象</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#进程管理process-与-job-对象" id="进程管理process-与-job-对象">进程管理Process 与 Job 对象</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#内存管理" id="内存管理">内存管理</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#zircon-内存管理模型" id="zircon-内存管理模型">Zircon 内存管理模型</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#物理内存vmo-对象" id="物理内存vmo-对象">物理内存VMO 对象</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#虚拟内存vmar-对象" id="虚拟内存vmar-对象">虚拟内存VMAR 对象</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#用户程序" id="用户程序">用户程序</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#zircon-用户程序" id="zircon-用户程序">Zircon 用户程序</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#加载-elf-文件" id="加载-elf-文件">加载 ELF 文件</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#上下文切换" id="上下文切换">上下文切换</a></h1>
<h1><a class="header" href="#系统调用" id="系统调用">系统调用</a></h1>
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