infer_clone/CONTRIBUTING.md

# Contribution Guidelines


## Reporting Issues

If you encounter a problem when using infer or if you have any questions, please open a
[GitHub issue](https://github.com/facebook/infer/issues/).

- [ ] Check first if your issue is addressed in the [FAQ](http://fbinfer.com/support.html#troubleshooting).
- [ ] Check also if your issue has already been [reported](https://github.com/facebook/infer/issues/).
- [ ] Include the version of infer you are using (`infer --version`).
- [ ] Include the full list of the commands you are running.
- [ ] Include the full output of infer in a paste, for instance a [gist](https://gist.github.com/).
- [ ] If possible, give a minimal example to reproduce your problem (for instance, some code where
    infer reports incorrectly, together with the way you run infer to reproduce the incorrect
    report).

## Hacking on the Code

We welcome contributions via [pull requests on GitHub](https://github.com/facebook/infer/pulls).

### Development Dependencies

You'll want to install a few more dependencies to comfortably hack on the infer codebase. Using
opam:
```sh
opam install ocp-indent merlin tuareg
```

[Merlin](https://github.com/ocaml/merlin) provides OCaml and Reason support for several editors,
including [Atom](https://atom.io/), [Emacs](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/), and
[Vim](http://www.vim.org/).

Run `opam user-setup install` to set up your terminal and editors to use this tooling.

### Tips and Tricks

- Build the code: `make -j`.

- Faster edit/build cycle when working on OCaml code inside infer/src/: build inside infer/src/
  (skips building the models after infer has been built), and build bytecode instead of native:
  `make -j -C infer/src byte`. You need to have run `make -j` at some point before.

- In general, `make` commands from the root of the repository make sure that dependencies are in a
  consistent and up-to-date state (e.g., they rebuild infer and the models before running steps that
  use infer), while running `make` commands from within subdirectories generally assumes that
  dependencies are already up-to-date.

  For instance, running `make direct_java_infer_test` will rebuild infer and the models if necessary
  before running the test, but running `make -C infer/tests/codetoanalyze/java/infer test` will just
  execute the test.


## Contributor License Agreement

We require contributors to sign our Contributor License Agreement. In
order for us to review and merge your code, please sign up at
https://code.facebook.com/cla. If you have any questions, please drop
us a line at cla@fb.com. Thanks!


## Coding Style

### All Languages

- Indent with spaces, not tabs.

- Line width limit is 100 characters (except for Python for which the limit is 80).

- In general, follow the style of surrounding code.

### OCaml

- The module IStd (infer/src/base/IStd.ml) is automatically opened in every file. Beware that this
  can cause weird errors such as:
```
$ pwd
/somewhere/infer/infer/src
$ cat base/toto.ml
let b = List.mem true [true; false]
$ make
[...]
File "base/toto.ml", line 1, characters 17-21:
Error: This variant expression is expected to have type 'a list
       The constructor true does not belong to type list
```

  If your new module cannot compile with `IStd`, for instance because it's generated code, modify
  the line in infer/src/Makefile that adds `-open IStd` so that your module is excluded (see how
  it's done for other such modules, eg IStd.ml).

- All modules open `IStd` using `open! IStd`. This is to make that fact more explicit (there's also
  the compilation flag mentioned above), and also it helps merlin find the right types. In
  particular this also opens `Core.Std`.

- Do not add anything to `IStd` unless you have a compelling reason to do so, for instance if you
  find some utility function is missing and is not provided by
  [`Core`](https://ocaml.janestreet.com/ocaml-core/latest/doc/core/).

- Polymorphic equality is disabled; use type-specific equality instead, even for primitive types
  (e.g., `Int.equal`). However, if your module uses a lot of polymorphic variants with no arguments
  you may safely `open! PVariant`.

  If you try and use polymorphic equality `=` in your code you will get a compilation error, such as:
```
Error: This expression has type int but an expression was expected of type
         [ `no_polymorphic_compare ]
```

- Alias and use `module L = Logging` for all your logging needs. Refer to its API in Logging.mli for
  documentation.

- Check that your code compiles without warnings with `make -j test_build` (this also runs as part
  of `make test`).

- Apart from `IStd` and `PVariant`, refrain from globally `open`ing modules. Using local open
  instead when it improves readability: `let open MyModule in ...`.

- Avoid the use of module aliases, except for the following commonly-aliased modules. Use
  module aliases consistently (e.g., do not alias `L` to a module other than `Logging`).
```OCaml
module CLOpt = CommandLineOption
module F = Format
module L = Logging
module MF = MarkupFormatter
```

- Use `[@@deriving compare]` to write comparison functions whenever possible. Watch out for
  [this issue](https://github.com/whitequark/ppx_deriving/issues/116) when writing
  `type nonrec t = t [@@deriving compare]`.

- Use `let equal_foo = [%compare.equal : foo]` to write equality functions whenever possible.

- Use named arguments whenever the purpose of the argument is not immediately obvious. In
  particular, use named arguments for boolean and integer parameters unless the name of the function
  mentions them explicitly. Also use named arguments to disambiguate between several arguments of
  the same type.

- Use named arguments for functions taken as argument; it is common to name a function argument
  `f`. For instance: `List.map : 'a list -> f:('a -> 'b) -> 'b list`.

- In modules defining a type `t`, functions that take an argument of that type should generally have
  that argument come first, except for for optional arguments: `val f : ?optional:bool -> t -> ...`.

- Use the `_hum` suffix to flag functions that output human-readable strings.

- Follow the ocp-indent style in infer/.ocpindent for indentation.

- Spaces around binary operators, e.g., `let x = a + 5`.

- Spaces around parentheses, no space inside parentheses.

- Spaces around braces and brackets, spaces inside braces and brackets.

- Space after `,` and `;`, e.g. `let (a, b) = ({ foo = 4; }, ())`.

- Terminate multi-line values such as lists and records with `;` so that it's easy to add new lines
  without modifying existing ones. For instance:
```OCaml
let foo = [
  value1;
  value2;
]
```

### Reason

Follow `refmt`.

### C/C++/Objective-C

Follow `clang-format` (see ".clang-format" at the root of the repository).

## Testing your Changes

- Make sure infer builds: `make -j `. Refer to the [installation
  document](https://github.com/facebook/infer/blob/master/INSTALL.md) for details.

- Run the tests: `make -j 4 test` (adjust 4 to the number of cores available of your machine). The
  tests (almost) all consist of the same three ingredients:
  1. Some source code to run infer on.
  2. An "issues.exp" file where each line represents one item of output of the test. For most tests,
     one line is one issue reported by infer.
  3. A `Makefile` that orchestrates the test, for instance running infer on the source code and
     comparing the results with issues.exp using `diff`.

- If your changes modified some of the expected outputs and if the changes make sense, you can
  update the expected test results by running `make test-replace`.

- If relevant, add a test for your change.

- To add a test that infer finds (or does not find) a particular issue, add your test in
  "infer/tests/codetoanalyze/{language}/{analyzer}/". Look at the `Makefile` in that directory and
  make sure it runs your test. "{analyzer}" is often an infer analyzer (as in
  `infer -a {analyzer}`), with some special cases:
  - "errors" is "infer"
  - "frontend" is a mode where the expected output is the result of the translation of the program
     by infer's clang frontend into infer's intermediate representation.

  Name the procedures in your test following these conventions:
  - Test procedures where the analyzer should report an error should end with the suffix `Bad`.
  - Test procedures where the analyzer should not report an error should end with the suffix `Ok`.
  - Test procedures documenting current limitations of the analyzer should have the prefix `FP_`
    (for "false positive") or `FN_` (for "false negative") and a comment explaining why the analyzer
    gets the wrong answer.


- To add a test that a certain build system integration or a command-line option works in a certain
  way, add a test in "infer/tests/build_systems/".

- If you created a new Makefile for your test, add it to the root "Makefile", either to the
  `DIRECT_TESTS` (first case) or to the `BUILD_SYSTEMS_TESTS` variable (second case). Gate the
  test appropriately if it depends on Java or Clang or Xcode (see how other tests do it).

- It can be useful to look at the debug HTML output of infer to see the detail of the symbolic
  execution. For instance:
```sh
$ infer --debug -- clang -c examples/hello.c
$ firefox infer-out/captured/hello.c.*.html
```

## Updating opam and opam.lock

tl; dr: Run `make opam.lock`.

opam.lock records fixed versions of the opam dependencies known to work with infer and to respect
the constraints in opam. This prevents unpredictable breakages of infer or its dependencies,
especially for infer releases, for which it is more difficult to change their package constraints
after the fact.

To add an opam package or update its version constraints, edit 'opam' then run `make opam.lock`.