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@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ $$\boldsymbol A^{-1} = \frac{1}{|A|}\boldsymbol{A}^*$$
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$$\boldsymbol{A}^T= \frac{1}{|A|}\boldsymbol A^*$$
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正交矩阵的行列式满足 $\frac{1}{|A|} =±1$,故
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$A^*={|A|}A^T=±A^T$
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由伴随矩阵的定义,其第 (j,i)元为 aij的代数余子式 Aij,而 ±AT的第 (j,i)元为 ±aij。比较对应元素得
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由伴随矩阵的定义,其第 (j,i)元为 $a_{ij}$的代数余子式 $A_{ij}$,而 $±A^T$的第 (j,i)元为 $±a_{ij}$。比较对应元素得
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$$A_{ij}=±a_{ij},i,j=1,2,…,n.$$
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证毕
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@ -93,21 +93,20 @@ $$\begin{align*}
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\boldsymbol{u}_k &= \boldsymbol{\alpha}_k - \sum_{i=1}^{k-1}\frac{\langle\boldsymbol{\alpha}_k,\boldsymbol{u}_i\rangle}{\langle\boldsymbol{u}_i,\boldsymbol{u}_i\rangle}\boldsymbol{u}_i,\quad k=2,3,\dots,p.
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\end{align*}$$
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单位化过程
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$$\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_1 = \frac{\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1}{\|\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1\|}$$
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$$\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_k = \frac{\boldsymbol{u}_k}{\|\boldsymbol{u}_k\|},\quad
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k=2,3,\dots,p$$
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k=1,2,3,\dots,p$$
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### **例子**
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>[!example] **例1**
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已知 为欧氏空间 V 的一组标准正交基,令$\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1,\boldsymbol{\alpha}_2,\dots,\boldsymbol{\alpha}_5$ $$\boldsymbol{\beta}_1 = \boldsymbol{\alpha}_1+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3,\quad
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已知 $\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1,\boldsymbol{\alpha}_2,\dots,\boldsymbol{\alpha}_5$ 为欧氏空间 V 的一组标准正交基,令$$\boldsymbol{\beta}_1 = \boldsymbol{\alpha}_1+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3,\quad
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\boldsymbol{\beta}_2 = \boldsymbol{\alpha}_1-\boldsymbol{\alpha}_2+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_4,\quad
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\boldsymbol{\beta}_3 = 2\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_2+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3,$$
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$U = \text{span}\{\boldsymbol{\beta}_1,\boldsymbol{\beta}_2,\boldsymbol{\beta}_3\}$求 U 的一个标准正交基。
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**解析**。
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**解析**:
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施密特正交化
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步骤1:正交化
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取$$ \boldsymbol{\gamma}_1=\boldsymbol{\beta}_1=\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3
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取$$ \boldsymbol{\gamma}_1=\boldsymbol{\beta}_1=\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3,\ \
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\boldsymbol{\gamma}_2=\boldsymbol{\beta}_2-\dfrac{\langle\boldsymbol{\beta}_2,\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1\rangle}{\langle\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1,\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1\rangle}\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1$$$$\langle\boldsymbol{\beta}_2,\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1\rangle=1,\quad
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\langle\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1,\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1\rangle=2$$
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$$\boldsymbol{\gamma}_2=\frac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\alpha}_1-\boldsymbol{\alpha}_2-\frac{1}{2}\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3+\boldsymbol{\alpha}_4$$
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@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ $$\begin{cases}
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\langle\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{\alpha}_3\rangle = x_1 - 2x_2 + 2x_4 = 0\\
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\langle\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{\alpha}_4\rangle = 2\sqrt{6}x_1 - \sqrt{6}x_3 - \sqrt{6}x_4 = 0 \implies 2x_1 - x_3 - x_4 = 0
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\end{cases}$$
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解上述齐次方程组,基础解系,得到两个线性无关的解:
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解上述齐次方程组,得到两个线性无关的解:
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$$\boldsymbol{\xi}_1=(2,1,4,0)^T,\quad
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\boldsymbol{\xi}_2=(0,1,0,1)^T$$
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正交化
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