Summary:
Having the `Node` module including in the `CFG` one is confusing.
Let's keep it separate.
Reviewed By: ngorogiannis
Differential Revision: D8185754
fbshipit-source-id: 62077e6
Summary:
Change the license of the source code from BSD + PATENTS to MIT.
Change `checkCopyright` to reflect the new license and learn some new file
types.
Generated with:
```
git grep BSD | xargs -n 1 ./scripts/checkCopyright -i
```
Reviewed By: jeremydubreil, mbouaziz, jberdine
Differential Revision: D8071249
fbshipit-source-id: 97ca23a
Summary:
For now: just moving this list behind an abstract type.
Next: changing the internal representation.
Reviewed By: ngorogiannis
Differential Revision: D8140926
fbshipit-source-id: 5b959b0
Summary:
We never really need the list of nodes/succs/preds, we only need to fold over them.
This will reduce garbage for computed lists like in the Exceptional CFG or the OneInstrPerNode CFG.
Reviewed By: ngorogiannis
Differential Revision: D8185665
fbshipit-source-id: d042beb
Summary:
It improves the precision of widening operations of interval:
upper_bound_widen (min(n, s), s) = s
lower_bound_widen (max(n, s), s) = s
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D8038941
fbshipit-source-id: 61b10cb
Summary:
Preparing for bigger changes...
- Rename `payload` field to `payloads`
- Move `payload` type to `Payloads.t`
- `SummaryPayload`s only have to implement a change on `Payloads.t` rather than `Summary.t`
Reviewed By: sblackshear
Differential Revision: D7987211
fbshipit-source-id: c9d7a74
Summary:
Before we were computing the size of an abstract state (`range`) using the `NonNegativeBound` domain but it wasn't able to express product of symbolic values.
This diff introduces a domain for that.
The range of an interval is still computed in `NonNegativeBound` but then the product is done in `TopLiftedPolynomial` so all costs end up being of that type.
The //symbols// of a polynomial are `NonNegativeBound` (so the polynomial only represent non-negative values, perfect for a cost), which handles substitution correctly, i.e. it gives zero instead of negative values.
Reviewed By: ddino
Differential Revision: D7397229
fbshipit-source-id: 6868bb7
Summary:
Java arrays have an internal length that can be retrieved with the internal `__get_array_length`.
Here is a model for it.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D7931572
fbshipit-source-id: fd4c179
Summary:
Attempt at a better naming scheme:
- `Specs.summary` are now `Summary.t`. The `Summary` module (replacing `Specs`) contains the summary of a procedure: the results of all the analyses, etc.
- `Summary.ml` is now `SummaryPayload.ml`. This concerns how each (AI) analysis extracts its payload from the master summary.
- Accordingly, checkers now define a `Payload` module where previously they defined a `Summary` module. The type is also cleaned up to use `t` instead of `payload`, etc.
- Cleaned up some names as a result, for instance `Specs.get_summary` -> `Summary.get`, etc.
Reviewed By: ngorogiannis
Differential Revision: D7935883
fbshipit-source-id: 1766545
Summary:
This is an attempt to make things more consistent, and maybe save some work
from the `Format` module in case flambda doesn't have our backs.
Reviewed By: jberdine
Differential Revision: D7775496
fbshipit-source-id: 59a6314
Summary:
The Cost analysis uses `Bound` for non-negative values only, let's make it a separate module (and abstract type).
This also separates the abstract domain part of `Bound` which we wanted anyway.
Depends on D7844267
Depends on D7843351
Depends on D7782184
Reviewed By: ddino
Differential Revision: D7844572
fbshipit-source-id: 0e6b620
Summary: We were wrongly using the underapproximation of `min` rather than the overapproximation
Reviewed By: ddino
Differential Revision: D7844267
fbshipit-source-id: c9d9247
Summary:
This simplifies the frontends and backends in most cases. Before this diff,
returning `void` could be modelled either with a `None` return, or a dummy
return variable with type `Tvoid`. Now it's always the latter.
Reviewed By: sblackshear, dulmarod
Differential Revision: D7832938
fbshipit-source-id: 0a403d1
Summary:
Add warning 60 (unused module) to the list of fatal warnings. Whitelisting
modules at toplevel is tricky (see inline comments) but doable.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7790073
fbshipit-source-id: 6f591c4
Summary:
Now that we have the abstract state at the instruction level, we don't need to reexecute instructions during the checking phase and can just query the invariant map.
Depends on D7608526
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D7775889
fbshipit-source-id: be17e2d
Summary:
Upgrade ocamlformat, and base which needs to be done in sync in order to build
ocamlformat, and the other deps can come for the ride.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D7663537
fbshipit-source-id: 3e90970
Summary:
Now that everything can run at the same time and we have preanalyses, it can be quite hard to read debug sessions.
Here come session names!
Depends on D7607336
Reviewed By: sblackshear
Differential Revision: D7607481
fbshipit-source-id: 676af86
Summary:
So we can share stuff between analyses using the same CFG and node representation.
Depends on D7586302
Depends on D7586348
Depends on D7568701
Reviewed By: sblackshear
Differential Revision: D7586645
fbshipit-source-id: ed64b2c
Summary: This will facilitate accessing Inferbo abstract state at the instruction level from the Cost analysis
Reviewed By: ddino
Differential Revision: D7568701
fbshipit-source-id: 84ac648
Summary:
Got rid of `Itv.equal` which was ambiguous and use an abstract boolean type for abstract comparison results
Depends on D7568573
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D7568583
fbshipit-source-id: 0e897e9
Summary:
Convenience function for `prune_eq` with zero (needed for stacked diffs).
Renamed `prune_zero` to `prune_ne_zero` to avoid ambiguity.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D7568556
fbshipit-source-id: b95ab6d
Summary:
This information is already available in the trace, and can contain absolute
paths to system includes (or infer's own clang runtime), which confuses the
diff analysis.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7534609
fbshipit-source-id: 5bd8f8b
Summary:
It renames `eval_locs` to `eval_arr` and we use it for getting array block values the given input expressions are pointing to. For example, when given a program variable `x` as an input, `eval_arr` returns array blocks that `x` is pointing to, on the other hand, `eval` returns an abstract location of `x`.
Depends on D7471891
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7471915
fbshipit-source-id: b994944
Summary: In the pointer arithmetics, it returns top, if we cannot precisely follow the physical memory model, e.g., (&x + 1).
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7453510
fbshipit-source-id: db8738e
Summary:
`Bottom` is only useful for unreachable code detection, which is already handled.
Let's not check `Bottom` states.
Depends on D7289084
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D7289153
fbshipit-source-id: 8333ce7
Summary: It adds an issue type, `BUFFER_OVERRUN_U5`, for alarms involving unknown values, i.e., when the trace set includes an unknown function call.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7178841
fbshipit-source-id: bfe857b
Summary: It corrects a precision bug in the interval domain, with adding some test cases.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7230918
fbshipit-source-id: 3ec641a
Summary:
Show some `SymAssign`s (corresponding to parameters) in the trace.
Depends on D7194448
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D7194479
fbshipit-source-id: 0deff6c
Summary: It corrects a bug that `&(x.f[n])` was evaluated to `&(x.f[0])`.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7179620
fbshipit-source-id: 04cbaa7
Summary: It simply resizes the target structure instead of allocating new heap memories and copying values.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7179353
fbshipit-source-id: 9c20f64
Summary: It avoids that locations of array fields are evaluated to the `unknown` location incorrectly by addressing the case in the `eval_lindex` function.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7152736
fbshipit-source-id: 2dc825e
Summary: It collects array accesses from all sub expressions in commands.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7165098
fbshipit-source-id: 584dc80
Summary: It does not only malloc a new heap memory, but also copy its contents.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7152194
fbshipit-source-id: 58cba5e
Summary:
Because it matches calls (procnames and argument list) and because I will create a `Procname`-only one.
Depends on D7124847
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D7124877
fbshipit-source-id: eca7c21
Summary:
At function calls, it copies a subset of heap memory that is newly
allocated by callees and is reachable from the return value.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7081425
fbshipit-source-id: 1ce777a
Summary:
The `may_last_field` boolean value in the `decl_sym_val` function presents that the location *may* (not *must*) be a flexible array member.
By the modular analysis nature, it is impossible to determine whether a given argument is a flexible array member or not---because of lack of calling context. For example, there are two function calls of `foo` below: (2) passes a flexible array member as an argument and (1) passes a non-flexible array, however it is hard to notice when analyzing the `foo` function.
```
struct T {
int c[1];
};
struct S {
struct T a;
struct T b;
};
void foo(struct T x) { ... }
void goo () {
struct S* x = (struct S*)malloc(sizeof(struct S) + 10 * sizeof(int));
foo(&(x->a)); // (1)
foo(&(x->b)); // (2)
}
```
We assume that any given arguments may stem from the last field of struct, i.e., flexible array member. (This is why `decl_sym_val` is called with `may_last_field:true` at the first time.) With some tests, we noticed that the assumption does not harm the analysis precision, because whether regarding a parameter as a flexible array member or not is about using a symbolic array size instead of a constant array size written in the type during the analysis of callee. Therefore still it can raise correct alarms if the actual parameter is given in its caller.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7081295
fbshipit-source-id: a4d57a0
Summary:
It supports flexible array member using the following heuristic:
- a memory for a class is allocated by `malloc(sizeof(C) + n * sizeof(T))` format
- the last field of the class is an array
- the static size of the last field is one, i.e., `T field_name[1]`
When allocating and initializing members of classes, it sets the size of flexible array to `n+1` if the above conditions are met.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7056291
fbshipit-source-id: 31c5868
Summary:
The semantics of "placement new" is defined simply as an assignment.
For example, `C* x = new (y) C();` is analyzed as if `C* x = y;`.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7054007
fbshipit-source-id: 1c6754f
Summary:
It abstracts the environments required in modeling functions and type
declarations as a record type.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7065996
fbshipit-source-id: b60cd3c
Summary:
This commit improves precision of symbol instantiations.
When a return value of a callee is `[s1 + s2, _]` and if we want to
instantiate `s1` to `c3 + max(c4, s5)`, the lower bound was
substituted to `-oo` because our domain cannot express `c3 + max(c4,
s5) + s2`.
However, we can have instantiations that are preciser than `-oo`:
(1) `c3 + c4 + s2`
(2) or `c3 + s5 + s2`
because they are smaller than the ideal instantiation, `c3 + max(c4,
s5) + s2` and it is on the lower bound position.
For now, the implementation instantiates to (1) between the two ones,
because constant values introduced by `assert` or `assume`(`if`)
command are often used as safety conditions, e.g., `assert(index >=
0);` can place before array accesses. (We can change the stratege
later if we find that it doesn't work on some other cases.)
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D7020063
fbshipit-source-id: 62fb390
Summary:
It prunes abstract memories on `assert` commands.
Problem: Since the assert command is sometimes translated to two
sequential `if` statments, it was not able to prune the memory
precisely at `assert` commands in Inferbo---the pruned memory at the
first branch was joined before the second branch.
Solution: To avoid losing the pruning information at the first branch,
now, it records which locations are pruned at the first branch and
applies the same pruning at the next branch if they have
semantically the same condition.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D6895919
fbshipit-source-id: 15ac1cb
Summary: The heuristics to determine the end of a block/procedure was too brittle, the new one ignores non significant instructions.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6845380
fbshipit-source-id: feab557
Summary:
- `NonZeroInt` for added guarantees on the invariants of `SymLinear` coefficients
- some simplifications
- some optimizations
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6833968
fbshipit-source-id: 39e28a0
Summary:
`&::.*-->` allows to match any path end.
Used for models of `std::array` to force unmodelled functions (and types) to have a Skip summary
Depends on D6408415
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6611203
fbshipit-source-id: 6663b2c
Summary:
Found the dead code with the script in the next commit, iteratively until no
warnings remained.
Methodology:
1. I kept pretty-printers for values, which can be useful to use from infer's REPL (or
when printf-debugging infer in general)
2. I kept functions that formed some consistent API (but not often, so YMMV), for instance if it looked like `Set.S`, or if it provides utility functions for stuff in development (mostly the procname dispatcher functions)
3. I tried not to lose comments associated with values no longer exported: if the value is commented in the .mli and not the .ml, I moved the comment
4. Some comments needed updating (not claiming I caught all of those)
5. Sometimes I rewrote the comments a bit when I noticed mis-attached comments
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D6723482
fbshipit-source-id: eabaafd
Summary:
Upgrade ocamlformat to 0.3, and (necessarily) base to v0.10.0.
- Fix accumulated mis-formatting
- Update opam.lock to unbreak clean build
- Update to base v0.10.0
- Update opam.lock for base
- Update offline opam repo
- Everyone should already have removed their ocamlformat pin
- ocamlformat 0.3 supports output to stdout natively
- bump version of ocamlformat
Reviewed By: jeremydubreil
Differential Revision: D6636741
fbshipit-source-id: 41a56a8
Summary:
Model for `folly::split` that handles the representation in the cpp model.
Depends on D6544992
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6545006
fbshipit-source-id: 2b7a139
Summary:
Allows:
- matching function arguments with or without capturing,
- capturing part of an argument, e.g. expression only,
- optional arguments, wrapped into an OCaml option if captured.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6544992
fbshipit-source-id: a64ba45
Summary: There was a back and forth conversion between `string` and `IssueType.t` which was not necessary.
Reviewed By: sblackshear
Differential Revision: D6562747
fbshipit-source-id: 70b57a2
Summary:
It seems that the abstraction instructions were not previously added the the CFG.
This is a functional changes to make sure that the abstraction state is always added. We can simplify the code later and just run this step before storing the CFG instead of after loading them.
Reviewed By: sblackshear, jvillard
Differential Revision: D6383672
fbshipit-source-id: cedcb8a
Summary:
justmovingthingsaround
Models need these functions, they have to be somewhere else.
The split might seem weird for now but will (hopefully) look more obvious in the following diff.
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D6408322
fbshipit-source-id: c7e430f
Summary:
Extends `ProcnameDispatcher` to allow matching typenames only.
There isn't much new here, mainly moving stuff so that we only have to open one module to use the operators.
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D6408245
fbshipit-source-id: afc6533
Summary:
- Plug model checkers
- Add alloc size safety condition on alloc of negative, zero or big size
Reviewed By: sblackshear
Differential Revision: D6375144
fbshipit-source-id: bbea6f3
Summary:
A modeled function is not only an evaluator but also a checker, at least in Inferbo where both things happen in two passes.
This diff just prepares for it without generating new alarms.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6373051
fbshipit-source-id: 264696f
Summary: There is a lot of code to create LaTeX output of the Infer datastructures, but this does not seem to be used anymore.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6355686
fbshipit-source-id: 55de8e9
Summary:
Allow capturing function arguments.
Model functions don't have to match on a list any more.
Depends on D6347829
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6350628
fbshipit-source-id: e88b758
Summary: When not matching overloads, when the wrong number of arguments is given, instead of just no matching the function, we may want to fail, e.g. for internal-use functions.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6347829
fbshipit-source-id: 48f41be
Summary:
First steps of a dispatcher for C++ functions/methods overloads.
For now only used on Inferbo C modeled functions so most of the features are still unused.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6336088
fbshipit-source-id: ebd5b6f
Summary:
...so I just removed it
+ renamed `loc` of type `Location.t` to `location` to differentiate from `Loc.t` values
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6358413
fbshipit-source-id: 2d3eba9
Summary:
Change ocamlformat installation procedure to use opam instead of
pinning.
Reformat all code with v0.2, which has a few improvements.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6292057
fbshipit-source-id: 759967f
Summary:
:
As we want to model many C++ methods, using a lot of matchers with `if / else if` will be tiring.
This diff introduces a dispatcher which is a nicer way to write the same thing.
No new model for now, just a refactoring.
Ideally we'd need a parser generator for C++ names...
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6209234
fbshipit-source-id: 49fae5e
Summary:
vector::data returns a pointer to the first value of the vector.
- The size of the (array) pointer should be the same with the vector.
- The pointer should point to the same abstract value with the vector.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D6196592
fbshipit-source-id: cc17096
Summary:
Install ocamlformat from github as part of `make devsetup`, and use it
for formatting OCaml (and jbuild) code.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D6092464
fbshipit-source-id: 4ba0845
Summary: This commit adds unsigned symbol for preciser analysis results with less number of uses of min/max operators.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D6040437
fbshipit-source-id: 999ca4c
Summary:
Next step to issue deduplication: do not keep safety conditions that are subsumed by others.
Only do it if they do not have infinite bound: replacing `0 < size` by `1 < size` is ok, but replacing it by `+oo < size` is not because it looks much more like a lack of precision.
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D5978455
fbshipit-source-id: acc2384
Summary:
A specific type of alias is added for the vector::empty() result and it is used at pruning.
Now, there are two types of aliases:
- "simple" alias: x=y
- "empty" alias: x=v.empty() and y=v.size
So, if x!=0, y is pruned by (y=0). Otherwise, i.e., x==0, y is pruned by (y>=1).
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D6004968
fbshipit-source-id: bb8d50d
Summary:
Move Inferbo safety conditions to their own file.
Split the old `Condition.t` to a condition together with a trace.
This will ease having: different kind of condition and several traces for the same condition (see following diff)
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D5942030
fbshipit-source-id: d74a612
Summary:
Bottom bounds do not make sense (what is the meaning of `[_|_; 1]`?), let's get rid of them.
`Bot` was useful for substitution though, with a special meaning, use `bottom_lifted` for that case.
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D5941796
fbshipit-source-id: 5778255
Summary: A bottom interval in a safety condition doesn't make sense. Let's not allow it at all.
Reviewed By: skcho
Differential Revision: D5941552
fbshipit-source-id: 6bd2a65
Summary: Use `pp` functions until it needs to be turned into a string.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D5941473
fbshipit-source-id: 87ca9df
Summary:
The interval bound of the abstract domain is extended.
`[min|max](int, symbol)` => `int [+|-] [min|max](int, symbol)`
As a result, `vector::empty` can be modelled to return a more precise value: `1 - min(1, size)`.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D5899404
fbshipit-source-id: c8c3f49
Summary:
Read the documentation and it doesn't seem like these functions are guaranteed to choose the same value in different runs.
I hypothesize that these may be the source of flakiness in the thread-safety tests/smoke tests.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D5794384
fbshipit-source-id: 02b7a96
Summary:
- failwith police: no more `failwith`. Instead, use `Logging.die`.
- Introduce the `SimpleLogging` module for dying from modules where `Logging`
cannot be used (usually because that would create a cyclic dependency).
- always log backtraces, and show backtraces on the console except for usage errors
- Also point out in the log file where the toplevel executions of infer happen
Reviewed By: jeremydubreil
Differential Revision: D5726362
fbshipit-source-id: d7a01fc
Summary:
Calling exit at the end of a proc does not create unreachable code, prior to this commit inferbo reports that it does.
We extend collect_instrs to detect when we're at the end of a procedure in C and not report on unreachable code if we call a procedure there.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D5623637
fbshipit-source-id: 0d5f326
Summary:
Instead of a whitelist and blacklist and default issue types and default
blacklist and filtering, consider a simpler semantics where
1. checkers can be individually turned on or off on the command line
2. most checkers are on by default
3. `--no-filtering` turns all issue types on, but they can then be turned off again by further arguments
This provides a more flexible CLI and is similar to other options in the infer
CLI, where "global" behaviour is generally avoided.
Dynamically created checkers (eg, AL linters) cause some complications in the
implementation but I think the semantics is still clear.
Also change the name of the option to mention "issue types" instead of
"checks", since the latter can be confused with "checkers".
Reviewed By: jberdine
Differential Revision: D5583238
fbshipit-source-id: 21de476
Summary:
This commit avoids precision loss on pruning.
// x -> [s$1, s$2]
if(x) { ... }
// x -> ?
before: x -> [min(0, s$1), max(0, s$2)]
because two x values, [0, 0] (true case) and [s$1, s$2] (false case), were joined after the if branch.
after: x -> [s$1, s$2]
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D5431009
fbshipit-source-id: 14a9efe
Summary:
Problem: The analyzer did not know that the value of `v.size()` is an alias of `v.infer_size`, so `v.infer_size` is not pruned by the if condition. As a result it raises a false alarm.
void safe_access(std::vector<int> v) {
if (v.size() >= 10) {
v[9] = 1; // error: BUFFER_OVERRUN Offset: [9, 9] Size: [5, 5]
}
}
void call_safe_access_Good() {
std::vector<int> v(5, 0);
safe_access(v);
}
Solution: Adding alias for return value to the abstract domain.
Now Inferbo can prune `v.infer_size` because it knows that the value of `v.size()` is an alias of `v.infer_size`. There is already an alias domain in Inferbo, so we added a specific room for the retrun value.
Reviewed By: jvillard, mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D5396988
fbshipit-source-id: 4a4702c
Summary:
Conversion and reformat of infer source using ocamlformat
auto-formatting tool.
Current status:
- Because Reason does not handle docstrings, the output of the
conversion is not 'Warning 50'-clean, meaning that there are
docstrings with ambiguous placement. I'll need to manually fix
them just before landing.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D5225546
fbshipit-source-id: 3bd2786
Summary:
:
Get rid of model location in reports.
The goal is to avoid changing `issues.exp` whenever a model is updated.
Reviewed By: jvillard
Differential Revision: D5356608
fbshipit-source-id: 88ecaba
Summary: This could generate enormous amounts of logs on medium-sized projects (eg rocksdb) when running with `--stats`. Review other debug levels in inferbo as well.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz
Differential Revision: D5364139
fbshipit-source-id: 5c8d206
Summary:
It instantiates fields of structures when a pointer to which is given
as a function parameter, e.g., `foo(&s);`.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz, jvillard
Differential Revision: D5337645
fbshipit-source-id: c06da29
Summary: Unknown library returns the unknown pointer as well as the top interval.
Reviewed By: mbouaziz, jvillard
Differential Revision: D5282669
fbshipit-source-id: 34c7e18
Mehdi Bouaziz
Jules Villard
Ezgi Çiçek
Sungkeun Cho
Josh Berdine
Dino Distefano
Jeremy Dubreil
Sam Blackshear
Greg Nisbet
Kihong Heo
Andrzej Kotulski